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A diagnostic imaging technique that uses low-dose X-rays to detect and diagnose breast abnormalities, aiding in the early detection of breast cancer.
Good breast compression is important because it:
What is an adequate range of force for a compression device?
Which of the following determines the level of radiographic contrast displayed on mammograms?
When using a phototimer, if a plus density setting is used, which of the following will occur?1. reduction focal spot size2. increase in mA3. increase in exposure time
Correct placement of the breast onto the image receptor for CC projection requires:
check compression device
If films are requested on a mastectomy patient (one side affected). What views would you take?1. Routine projections - CC and MLO 2. MLO of the skin over the mastectomy site3. Spot view of any area of concern 4. AP view of Axillary
When should breast self-examination performed?
The main advantage of half-field geometry is:
A Mammotome is:
All mammography films, no matter the manufacturer are
The spread of malignant cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant an area of the body is termed:
When a lesion has been entirely removed (resected) as seen on the post core needle biopsy stereotactic images, what must be done before the patient is released from the stereotactic unit?
What percent voltage ripple occurs with a high frequency generator?
The ACS does not recommend routine mammograms for women below the age of:
During a mammographic evaluation the radiographer does not have a responsibility to:
Which of the following breast conditions is considered malignant:
In mammography facilities in the United States, ACR accreditation is applied for every
An adult male with a suspicious mammogram and a firm unilateral nodule will be advised by his physician to ____.
Which anatomical structures typically develop in the male breast?
Forthe Cranio-caudal projection, the mammographer should stand on ____.
A grid may be used when performing magnification.
The typical placement of the intensifying screen, when a single screen is employed, is with the:
Mammography films show breast calcifications better than chest x-rays because of:
Aluminum filters are not used in mammography because of:
The digital detector can also function as the AEC.
A broken parallel set of calcifications will most likely be located in:
A man's likelihood of developing breast cancer is increased by ____.(1) Klinefelter syndrome (2) childhood radiation of the chest(3) family history of breast cancer
The “preferred” limits on a Processor Quality Control Chart for MD (mid density) are which of the following:
Which is NOT considered curative breast surgery?
Using a 5M-pixel monitor to display 100 micron (0.1 mm) pixels, what is the FOV?
The developer temperature should be kept within how many degrees of the processor manufacturer’s recommendation?
The incidence of breast cancer in men ____.
Removal of unwanted, unexposed silver bromide on film happens in the:
Artifacts oriented parallel between 2 films after processing that have been run perpendicular and parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by problems in
What percentage of mammographic images of malignant disease present microcalcifications?
____ is a characteristic most likely associated with carcinoma.
The reason(s) for performing BSE include:
In flooded replenishment, the starter is added to:
Which of the following is the most serious citation a facility can obtain upon an FDA annual inspection
The breasts are separated from the pectoral muscle by a layer of retromammary:
On which projection would the technologist check the medial and lateral aspects of the breast for the proper amount of compression?
The area of the breast that is not visualized on the CC view is:
Analog-to-digital (A to D) conversion occurs _________ image processing.
Fibroadenomas:
The most common characteristic symptom of a male with breast cancer is ____.
In which of the following life stages would the breast contain the LEAST amount of adipose (fat)tissue?
Which of the following should influence the length of the time between screening examinations on asymptomatic patients?1. If the patient performs BSE 2. If the patient drinks coffee3. Age of the patient 4. Positive family history
Blurring of a mammogram image can be caused by:
What is the typical range of kVp used in mammography?
Which view would be most useful in determining whether calcification are within the skin rather than within the breast parenchyma?
Which of the following positions or techniques is used to demonstrate tissue that has been superimposed on another position?
Why is the breast specimen radiographed?
All chemical reactions depend on all of the following EXCEPT:
Which of the following positions is/are most helpful in demonstrating tissue in the 12:00 or 6:00 position?
Male breast carcinoma accounts for approximately what portion of all breast carcinomas?
Low contrast detectability can be improved by ________ the image.
During pre-operative needle localizations, the amount of compression used should be equal to that of the routine mammogram.
Current treatment for localized breast carcinoma with minimal disfiguration includes:
If microcalcification clustering is present on routine screening views what is the best next step?
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma accounts for ____% of male breast cancer.
The overall advantage of using automatic exposure control (phototimer, AEC’s) is the ability to automatically compensate for:
Currently what are the statistics of how many women will develop breast cancer over their lifetimes
Which of the following primary signs of breast cancer, evident on a mammographic image, would indicate the disease at the earliest possible time?
The anatomic structures that support the breast are the:
A predisposition to breast cancer is inherited in ____.
What is (are) the benefit(s) of a high frequency generator in mammography?
in the correct order with largest number of pixels to the smallest:
Architectural distortion is most often found in cases of:
Possible causes of poor film screen contact include which of the following?1. Trapped air 2. Warped cassettes 3. Foreign bodies with-in cassettes
The projection that best demonstrates the posterior portion of the breast, including the axillary tail, is the:
What brightness is recommended by the ACR for mammographic film illuminators?
The film for the weekly phantom test is taken from
The physical boundaries of the breast include superior to the clavicle, medial to the sternum, inferior to the inframammary crease, and lateral to the midaxillary line.
When using automatic exposure control (AEC) for mammography, which of the following must be applied?
Where should identified markers be placed on the image receptor for the MLO and 90 lateral projection?
To increase exposure slightly when the AEC’s tracking ability is sub-optimum:
The Mid-density (MD) on the processor quality control chart is chosen by the step closest in density to
If a facility receives a Level 2 citation upon an annual FDA inspection, how many days does the facility have to correct the problem?
Which of the following would be considered major risk factors for breast cancer?1. Family history (mother, sister) of breast disease2. First of three pregnancies at age 223. Previous treatment for breast disease
Core biopsies of the breast are performed with a ____ gauge needle?
Extended cycle processing vs. Standard cycle processing:
What material is used in the x-ray tube's window allow photons to pass through?
BSE should be performed monthly by all women beginning in their 20's
The automatic exposure control (AEC) may be used for all of the following EXCEPT:
The final MQSA regulations went into effect
What is the primary reason for performing magnification mammography?
The phosphors most commonly used for mammography screens emit light in what color?
perform processor QC
The purpose of adding starter to fresh chemicals is:
Typically, the breast is situated on the thorax between the levels of the:
Output for a FFDM system includes: (choose all correct answers)
The primary purpose for using grids in mammography is to:
Which of the following would be the greatest risk factor for breast cancer?
Lymph node enlargement, nipple inversion, nipple discharge, skin thickening, and breast lumps are ALWAYS a sign of breast cancer.
Choose the correct equation:
For magnification mammography, what is the maximum size the focal spot should be?
Correct use of vigorous compression will lower patient dose because of decreased:
Choose all of the correct functions of a digital detector:
Which projection would best demonstrate fluid levels in the erect patient?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to be associated with an abnormal galactogram?
Which link in the mammographic imaging chain is the Phantom Image test monitoring?
What effect does beam restriction have on the quality of the mammography image?
The size of the effective focal spot to the actual focal spot is related to
How should the patient’s arm on the side being examined be positioned for the CC projection?
The tissue type that attenuates the x-ray beam the least is:
The only task NOT required of the RT is:
DCIS is an acronym for:
Recommended film storage conditions are: ___ relative humidity and ___ degrees F.
Mild cases of gynecomastia will be visualized on the mammogram as a small circumscribed density ____.
Lobular carcinoma accounts for approximately what portion of all breasts carcinomas?
A simple cyst will show on ultrasound:
Changing from the moly to the rhodium filter ______ the x-ray beam energy.
What is the approximate increased likelihood of developing breast cancer for the woman with a family history of breast cancer?
Compared with routine mammographic imaging, what effect will magnification studies have on patient dose?
To reduce the patient's radiation dose during pre-operative needle localizations, which of the following can be done:
To decrease image noise you should do what to the radiation dose?
The core specimens should be radiographed when the biopsied lesion:
Radiation dose for FFDM will always be lower than for screen-film mammography:
During pregnancy and throughout lactation, the breast has an increased amount of:
The principle reason for the use of mammography in male patients is to distinguish ____.
Which of the following may be achieved with magnification views of the breast?
What quadrant is 5:00 in the right breast
The area between the breast and the pectoral muscle is the:
For the mediolateral oblique (MLO) projection, the technologist should place the image receptor:
Which detector type converts x-ray energy directly into electrical charge?
A grid is not required during magnification mammography because of:
The word "orthogonal" is best described as:
Proper compression of the breast is indicated by which of the following?
Thepatient’s ____ is likely to obstruct the X-ray beam when the obese patient ispositioned for theCaudo-Cranial(FB) view.
Match the following description with the correct projection: The tube assembly is rotated to a 90 degree position from vertical (x-ray beam is parallel to the floor). The patient is erect and the arm on the side being examined is at the right angle to the body. The edge of the image receptor is along the sternum and central ray is directed perpendicular to the image receptor from lateral to medial.
Where is beam limitation most critical?
What portion of the breast is best demonstrated on the Axially Tail view
Implant displaced views:
The following are all breast interventional procedures except:
According to standards, where are the view markers placed when doing a mammogram?
Which is NOT an advantage of compression?
What should be done first if the nipple is rotated up or down instead of in profile?
The storage conditions of processed films should have a relative humidity of
Reciprocity failure occurs when:
Which of the following is NOT required on the Medical Report?
Of the tissues types that make up the breast, which is the most radiosensitive?
How many days does a facility have to notify a woman of her screening mammogram results following her screening mammogram?
Which of the following should the technologist complete before obtaining the mammogram images?1. Record the exposure factors to be used on the patient’s film file2. Review the patient’s personal history form with the patient3. Review the patient’s previous mammogram images, (if available)
Spot compression/coned-down views can:
Characteristics of calcifications associated with benign growths include which of the following?1. Smooth borders 2. Presence in clusters 3. Round shape 4. Numerous microcalcifications
What quadrant is 2:00 in the right breast
According to MQSA guidelines, how many continuing education credits are necessary for a mammography technologist to obtain in mammography
Under MQSA guidelines, which of the following represents the minimum number of mammograms a mammography technologist must perform in a 2 year period?
The control limits on a phantom chart for the density difference (DD) are which of the following
Breast cancers arise in which type of tissue?
The majority of glandular tissue exists in groups known as:
darkroom cleanliness
Ideally, when is the best time to perform processor sensitometry?
What age group is at the greatest risk for radiation-induced breast cancer?
The most common type of breast cancer in the male is ____.
What is the condition of the detector if the radiation exposure is too high:
It is necessary for the technologist to diagram which of the following:
Use of a grid _____ contrast and ______ radiation dose.
How does increasing the radiation dose affect the image noise?
What is the average focal film distance (FFD) available on dedicated Mammography units?
Which TWO materials are used as anode target materials in mammography?1. Aluminum 2. Rhodium 3. Beryllium 4. Molybdenum
Which of the following is the primary reason for breast compression?
How many years do mammography films need to be kept for if the woman is a returning patient?
What quadrant is 1:00 in the left breast
If processing artifacts are more severe when the film is run emulsion side up, the artifacts may be caused by:
Which view would best demonstrate the deep medial aspect of the beast?
The maximum amount of automated compression allowed by the ACR is:
When performing BSE, which of the following should be done?
The advantage of the molybdenum target over the tungsten target for Mammography is its ability to produce:
The effective focal spot is always largest on the _____ side of the field.
Radiation dose with a screen is about ___ times the dose of direct film mammography.
The maximum MQSA-allowed radiation dose per exposure for a 4.2 cm average breast is:
The actual focal spot is always _______ the projected focal spot.
The x-ray interaction that provides the contrast for the radiograph is:
A malignant breast lesion can appear on a mammogram:
A common temporary benign enlargement of the male breast is ____.
Processor roller marks that show up as artifacts running perpendicular to the direction of film travel are called
In order to perform successful magnification mammography, what criteria must be met?
Which of the following are primary signs of breast cancer?1. numerous microcalcifications2. skin thickening and retraction3. dense mass of irregular shape
Ductal carcinoma can present with findings of:
Which two items are used in mammography to reduce scattered radiation?1. Stationary grid 2. Air gap 3. Moving grid 4. Lead shielding
In order to minimize patient discomfort, how should compression be applied?
Extended processing involves:
Which of the following positions may be required for a complete mammographic study of a patient after a mastectomy?1. MLO of skin of affected breast 2. CC and MLO of uneffective breast3. Axillary view of affected breast 4. Spot view of any area of concern
A mammographic image that appears to be properly penetrated but slightly underexposed should be corrected by altering which variable?
In order to improve positioning capability for the Craniocaudal projection on a kyphotic patient, which alternate projection should be performed?
Image processing that smoothes the image will have what effect on image noise and detail?
BSE should be done in a random pattern using the fingertips.
Which additional position/s should be performed to determine milk of calcium?1. Tangential 2. Roll (RL or RM) 3. ML 90 or LM 90
The amount of obliquity (rotation of the C-arm) used to perform the mediolateral oblique projection varies from patient to patient. However, the average degree of obliquity is:
The breast attenuates what percentage of incident x-rays.
The characteristics of microcalcifications associated with malignancy include which of the following?1. Fine size 2. Clustered appearance3. Round shape 4. Very numerous calcifications
If WW = 500 and WL = 500, what image pixel values are displayed?
Compared to open surgical biopsy, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy:
To improve the appearance of the specimen on film, one can:
The base of the breast is considered to:
Which of the following minimum requirements applies to the Phantom test in order to pass the evaluation
What is the typical SID for mammographic imaging?
What is the correct height of the image receptor in relation to the breast for routine CC projection?
For the MLO view, the best angle of the tube is:
Subjecting processed films to high temperatures and low humidity (below 30%) can result in which of the following
MQSA stands for:
The crossover procedure is:
The most important factor influencing prognosis in male breast cancer ____.
A mammography technologist may not count which of the following toward her MQSA performance requirement of 200 mammograms every 2 years
"Camel's nose" refers to a mammogram which:
Artifacts oriented perpendicular between 2 films after processing that have been run perpendicular and parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by problems in
50% of all breast cancers occur in which quadrant?
Breast cancer accounts for ____% of malignancies in men.
Any electrical charge remaining in the detector after image data readout is referred to as:
How frequently should breast self-examination be performed?
When a combination of single emulsion film and single screen is used, how should the screen and film be aligned?
Image
The ____ view is an alternative for the Cranio-caudal view and may be substituted.
Which combination of procedures is most effective for early detection of breast cancer?1. breast self-examination 2. physical examination 3. mammography
The most commonly used magnification factor for mammography is:
When processor sensitometry falls out of limits, what should be done first?
About _____% of male breast cancer patients are treated by mastectomy.
The tissue type that attenuates the x-ray beam the most is:
Magnification views have __________ exposure times than/as routine mammography.
check viewboxes and viewing conditions
A smaller anode angle results in a _____ field size and is used with the _____ focal spot.
Abasic rule in male breast radiography is ____.
Indicate the projection described by the following positioning instructions: The tube assembly is vertical (x-ray beam perpendicular to the floor) and the tube is angled 5 degree in a lateral to medial direction. The erect atient faces the image receptor and is slightly rotated medially. The inferior aspect of the breast is on the image receptor. The central is directed to the midpoint of the image receptor (may be slightly lateral to the nipple).
Repeat rate will decrease with FFDM mainly because of:
Stereotactic guided core needle biopsy:
Plus density artifact bands running parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by:
The base of the breast and the inframammary crease are one and the same.
Which of the following positions are recommended for a complete study of the augmented breast?1. Routine CC & MLO 2. Modified CC & MLO (push back, Eklund) 3. 30 degree oblique
A characteristic associated with gynecomastia is ____.
A pneumocystogram starts with aspiration of most or all of the fluid from a cystic lesion. Which of the following is then injected into the lesion just before the pneumocystogram films are done?
Stereotactic imaging implies the use of:
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