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A diagnostic imaging technique that uses low-dose X-rays to detect and diagnose breast abnormalities, aiding in the early detection of breast cancer.
in the correct order with largest number of pixels to the smallest:
Analog-to-digital (A to D) conversion occurs _________ image processing.
Which two items are used in mammography to reduce scattered radiation?1. Stationary grid 2. Air gap 3. Moving grid 4. Lead shielding
Fibroadenomas:
A pneumocystogram starts with aspiration of most or all of the fluid from a cystic lesion. Which of the following is then injected into the lesion just before the pneumocystogram films are done?
Which of the following minimum requirements applies to the Phantom test in order to pass the evaluation
Which is NOT considered curative breast surgery?
The most common characteristic symptom of a male with breast cancer is ____.
The effective focal spot is always largest on the _____ side of the field.
Typically, the breast is situated on the thorax between the levels of the:
A smaller anode angle results in a _____ field size and is used with the _____ focal spot.
The ____ view is an alternative for the Cranio-caudal view and may be substituted.
Which projection would best demonstrate fluid levels in the erect patient?
Where is beam limitation most critical?
The film for the weekly phantom test is taken from
Which of the following is NOT required on the Medical Report?
check compression device
Male breast carcinoma accounts for approximately what portion of all breast carcinomas?
A common temporary benign enlargement of the male breast is ____.
The anatomic structures that support the breast are the:
A Mammotome is:
Output for a FFDM system includes: (choose all correct answers)
Which of the following positions or techniques is used to demonstrate tissue that has been superimposed on another position?
The amount of obliquity (rotation of the C-arm) used to perform the mediolateral oblique projection varies from patient to patient. However, the average degree of obliquity is:
To improve the appearance of the specimen on film, one can:
Good breast compression is important because it:
Core biopsies of the breast are performed with a ____ gauge needle?
Removal of unwanted, unexposed silver bromide on film happens in the:
What is the correct height of the image receptor in relation to the breast for routine CC projection?
Compared to open surgical biopsy, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy:
When should breast self-examination performed?
About _____% of male breast cancer patients are treated by mastectomy.
DCIS is an acronym for:
Ductal carcinoma can present with findings of:
Of the tissues types that make up the breast, which is the most radiosensitive?
The base of the breast is considered to:
The most common type of breast cancer in the male is ____.
In order to perform successful magnification mammography, what criteria must be met?
Which of the following should the technologist complete before obtaining the mammogram images?1. Record the exposure factors to be used on the patient’s film file2. Review the patient’s personal history form with the patient3. Review the patient’s previous mammogram images, (if available)
Proper compression of the breast is indicated by which of the following?
The main advantage of half-field geometry is:
Which of the following determines the level of radiographic contrast displayed on mammograms?
The size of the effective focal spot to the actual focal spot is related to
Which of the following is the most serious citation a facility can obtain upon an FDA annual inspection
If processing artifacts are more severe when the film is run emulsion side up, the artifacts may be caused by:
When a lesion has been entirely removed (resected) as seen on the post core needle biopsy stereotactic images, what must be done before the patient is released from the stereotactic unit?
What is the condition of the detector if the radiation exposure is too high:
How should the patient’s arm on the side being examined be positioned for the CC projection?
Why is the breast specimen radiographed?
What age group is at the greatest risk for radiation-induced breast cancer?
The ACS does not recommend routine mammograms for women below the age of:
What quadrant is 5:00 in the right breast
Use of a grid _____ contrast and ______ radiation dose.
Low contrast detectability can be improved by ________ the image.
What effect does beam restriction have on the quality of the mammography image?
Using a 5M-pixel monitor to display 100 micron (0.1 mm) pixels, what is the FOV?
Mild cases of gynecomastia will be visualized on the mammogram as a small circumscribed density ____.
The breasts are separated from the pectoral muscle by a layer of retromammary:
"Camel's nose" refers to a mammogram which:
A man's likelihood of developing breast cancer is increased by ____.(1) Klinefelter syndrome (2) childhood radiation of the chest(3) family history of breast cancer
Where should identified markers be placed on the image receptor for the MLO and 90 lateral projection?
In flooded replenishment, the starter is added to:
Which of the following positions are recommended for a complete study of the augmented breast?1. Routine CC & MLO 2. Modified CC & MLO (push back, Eklund) 3. 30 degree oblique
The digital detector can also function as the AEC.
The word "orthogonal" is best described as:
Reciprocity failure occurs when:
What is the approximate increased likelihood of developing breast cancer for the woman with a family history of breast cancer?
All mammography films, no matter the manufacturer are
The area of the breast that is not visualized on the CC view is:
The automatic exposure control (AEC) may be used for all of the following EXCEPT:
check viewboxes and viewing conditions
How many years do mammography films need to be kept for if the woman is a returning patient?
What is the typical range of kVp used in mammography?
Which is NOT an advantage of compression?
Forthe Cranio-caudal projection, the mammographer should stand on ____.
Match the following description with the correct projection: The tube assembly is rotated to a 90 degree position from vertical (x-ray beam is parallel to the floor). The patient is erect and the arm on the side being examined is at the right angle to the body. The edge of the image receptor is along the sternum and central ray is directed perpendicular to the image receptor from lateral to medial.
Which of the following conditions is most likely to be associated with an abnormal galactogram?
Which of the following positions may be required for a complete mammographic study of a patient after a mastectomy?1. MLO of skin of affected breast 2. CC and MLO of uneffective breast3. Axillary view of affected breast 4. Spot view of any area of concern
The actual focal spot is always _______ the projected focal spot.
Aluminum filters are not used in mammography because of:
Which of the following would be considered major risk factors for breast cancer?1. Family history (mother, sister) of breast disease2. First of three pregnancies at age 223. Previous treatment for breast disease
The storage conditions of processed films should have a relative humidity of
The majority of glandular tissue exists in groups known as:
The following are all breast interventional procedures except:
According to standards, where are the view markers placed when doing a mammogram?
Which anatomical structures typically develop in the male breast?
The phosphors most commonly used for mammography screens emit light in what color?
Implant displaced views:
Radiation dose with a screen is about ___ times the dose of direct film mammography.
How many days does a facility have to notify a woman of her screening mammogram results following her screening mammogram?
In order to minimize patient discomfort, how should compression be applied?
The breast attenuates what percentage of incident x-rays.
The incidence of breast cancer in men ____.
The most commonly used magnification factor for mammography is:
Stereotactic guided core needle biopsy:
Which view would best demonstrate the deep medial aspect of the beast?
What quadrant is 1:00 in the left breast
Characteristics of calcifications associated with benign growths include which of the following?1. Smooth borders 2. Presence in clusters 3. Round shape 4. Numerous microcalcifications
The tissue type that attenuates the x-ray beam the least is:
For the MLO view, the best angle of the tube is:
What quadrant is 2:00 in the right breast
All chemical reactions depend on all of the following EXCEPT:
____ is a characteristic most likely associated with carcinoma.
The purpose of adding starter to fresh chemicals is:
darkroom cleanliness
The reason(s) for performing BSE include:
To reduce the patient's radiation dose during pre-operative needle localizations, which of the following can be done:
The maximum amount of automated compression allowed by the ACR is:
What is (are) the benefit(s) of a high frequency generator in mammography?
In which of the following life stages would the breast contain the LEAST amount of adipose (fat)tissue?
Current treatment for localized breast carcinoma with minimal disfiguration includes:
Extended processing involves:
Lobular carcinoma accounts for approximately what portion of all breasts carcinomas?
Image processing that smoothes the image will have what effect on image noise and detail?
Extended cycle processing vs. Standard cycle processing:
Correct use of vigorous compression will lower patient dose because of decreased:
A broken parallel set of calcifications will most likely be located in:
Which of the following breast conditions is considered malignant:
Mammography films show breast calcifications better than chest x-rays because of:
The “preferred” limits on a Processor Quality Control Chart for MD (mid density) are which of the following:
The maximum MQSA-allowed radiation dose per exposure for a 4.2 cm average breast is:
In mammography facilities in the United States, ACR accreditation is applied for every
Indicate the projection described by the following positioning instructions: The tube assembly is vertical (x-ray beam perpendicular to the floor) and the tube is angled 5 degree in a lateral to medial direction. The erect atient faces the image receptor and is slightly rotated medially. The inferior aspect of the breast is on the image receptor. The central is directed to the midpoint of the image receptor (may be slightly lateral to the nipple).
Which view would be most useful in determining whether calcification are within the skin rather than within the breast parenchyma?
Which of the following primary signs of breast cancer, evident on a mammographic image, would indicate the disease at the earliest possible time?
What percentage of mammographic images of malignant disease present microcalcifications?
Processor roller marks that show up as artifacts running perpendicular to the direction of film travel are called
What material is used in the x-ray tube's window allow photons to pass through?
How does increasing the radiation dose affect the image noise?
Choose the correct equation:
MQSA stands for:
The tissue type that attenuates the x-ray beam the most is:
What percent voltage ripple occurs with a high frequency generator?
How frequently should breast self-examination be performed?
Which of the following should influence the length of the time between screening examinations on asymptomatic patients?1. If the patient performs BSE 2. If the patient drinks coffee3. Age of the patient 4. Positive family history
When using automatic exposure control (AEC) for mammography, which of the following must be applied?
Which link in the mammographic imaging chain is the Phantom Image test monitoring?
What is the typical SID for mammographic imaging?
The area between the breast and the pectoral muscle is the:
It is necessary for the technologist to diagram which of the following:
Breast cancer accounts for ____% of malignancies in men.
If microcalcification clustering is present on routine screening views what is the best next step?
During a mammographic evaluation the radiographer does not have a responsibility to:
Which additional position/s should be performed to determine milk of calcium?1. Tangential 2. Roll (RL or RM) 3. ML 90 or LM 90
The spread of malignant cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant an area of the body is termed:
The most important factor influencing prognosis in male breast cancer ____.
A simple cyst will show on ultrasound:
During pre-operative needle localizations, the amount of compression used should be equal to that of the routine mammogram.
Any electrical charge remaining in the detector after image data readout is referred to as:
Under MQSA guidelines, which of the following represents the minimum number of mammograms a mammography technologist must perform in a 2 year period?
Correct placement of the breast onto the image receptor for CC projection requires:
Which of the following would be the greatest risk factor for breast cancer?
A grid may be used when performing magnification.
BSE should be done in a random pattern using the fingertips.
The x-ray interaction that provides the contrast for the radiograph is:
What brightness is recommended by the ACR for mammographic film illuminators?
Image
A predisposition to breast cancer is inherited in ____.
The only task NOT required of the RT is:
When processor sensitometry falls out of limits, what should be done first?
When performing BSE, which of the following should be done?
A grid is not required during magnification mammography because of:
Subjecting processed films to high temperatures and low humidity (below 30%) can result in which of the following
What should be done first if the nipple is rotated up or down instead of in profile?
For the mediolateral oblique (MLO) projection, the technologist should place the image receptor:
The developer temperature should be kept within how many degrees of the processor manufacturer’s recommendation?
For magnification mammography, what is the maximum size the focal spot should be?
Magnification views have __________ exposure times than/as routine mammography.
A malignant breast lesion can appear on a mammogram:
Which TWO materials are used as anode target materials in mammography?1. Aluminum 2. Rhodium 3. Beryllium 4. Molybdenum
Artifacts oriented perpendicular between 2 films after processing that have been run perpendicular and parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by problems in
To increase exposure slightly when the AEC’s tracking ability is sub-optimum:
Ideally, when is the best time to perform processor sensitometry?
To decrease image noise you should do what to the radiation dose?
Architectural distortion is most often found in cases of:
The crossover procedure is:
Which combination of procedures is most effective for early detection of breast cancer?1. breast self-examination 2. physical examination 3. mammography
A mammographic image that appears to be properly penetrated but slightly underexposed should be corrected by altering which variable?
The characteristics of microcalcifications associated with malignancy include which of the following?1. Fine size 2. Clustered appearance3. Round shape 4. Very numerous calcifications
Which detector type converts x-ray energy directly into electrical charge?
Artifacts oriented parallel between 2 films after processing that have been run perpendicular and parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by problems in
The principle reason for the use of mammography in male patients is to distinguish ____.
According to MQSA guidelines, how many continuing education credits are necessary for a mammography technologist to obtain in mammography
The control limits on a phantom chart for the density difference (DD) are which of the following
During pregnancy and throughout lactation, the breast has an increased amount of:
If WW = 500 and WL = 500, what image pixel values are displayed?
What is the average focal film distance (FFD) available on dedicated Mammography units?
The core specimens should be radiographed when the biopsied lesion:
If a facility receives a Level 2 citation upon an annual FDA inspection, how many days does the facility have to correct the problem?
The primary purpose for using grids in mammography is to:
Which of the following positions is/are most helpful in demonstrating tissue in the 12:00 or 6:00 position?
An adult male with a suspicious mammogram and a firm unilateral nodule will be advised by his physician to ____.
What is the primary reason for performing magnification mammography?
Recommended film storage conditions are: ___ relative humidity and ___ degrees F.
Which of the following are primary signs of breast cancer?1. numerous microcalcifications2. skin thickening and retraction3. dense mass of irregular shape
The projection that best demonstrates the posterior portion of the breast, including the axillary tail, is the:
The Mid-density (MD) on the processor quality control chart is chosen by the step closest in density to
Currently what are the statistics of how many women will develop breast cancer over their lifetimes
perform processor QC
Possible causes of poor film screen contact include which of the following?1. Trapped air 2. Warped cassettes 3. Foreign bodies with-in cassettes
The overall advantage of using automatic exposure control (phototimer, AEC’s) is the ability to automatically compensate for:
Plus density artifact bands running parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by:
Which of the following may be achieved with magnification views of the breast?
Repeat rate will decrease with FFDM mainly because of:
Spot compression/coned-down views can:
Radiation dose for FFDM will always be lower than for screen-film mammography:
Abasic rule in male breast radiography is ____.
The final MQSA regulations went into effect
The advantage of the molybdenum target over the tungsten target for Mammography is its ability to produce:
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma accounts for ____% of male breast cancer.
Choose all of the correct functions of a digital detector:
Which of the following is the primary reason for breast compression?
BSE should be performed monthly by all women beginning in their 20's
If films are requested on a mastectomy patient (one side affected). What views would you take?1. Routine projections - CC and MLO 2. MLO of the skin over the mastectomy site3. Spot view of any area of concern 4. AP view of Axillary
The physical boundaries of the breast include superior to the clavicle, medial to the sternum, inferior to the inframammary crease, and lateral to the midaxillary line.
When using a phototimer, if a plus density setting is used, which of the following will occur?1. reduction focal spot size2. increase in mA3. increase in exposure time
A mammography technologist may not count which of the following toward her MQSA performance requirement of 200 mammograms every 2 years
Stereotactic imaging implies the use of:
What is an adequate range of force for a compression device?
Breast cancers arise in which type of tissue?
The base of the breast and the inframammary crease are one and the same.
On which projection would the technologist check the medial and lateral aspects of the breast for the proper amount of compression?
Changing from the moly to the rhodium filter ______ the x-ray beam energy.
Compared with routine mammographic imaging, what effect will magnification studies have on patient dose?
Lymph node enlargement, nipple inversion, nipple discharge, skin thickening, and breast lumps are ALWAYS a sign of breast cancer.
When a combination of single emulsion film and single screen is used, how should the screen and film be aligned?
Thepatient’s ____ is likely to obstruct the X-ray beam when the obese patient ispositioned for theCaudo-Cranial(FB) view.
In order to improve positioning capability for the Craniocaudal projection on a kyphotic patient, which alternate projection should be performed?
A characteristic associated with gynecomastia is ____.
Blurring of a mammogram image can be caused by:
What portion of the breast is best demonstrated on the Axially Tail view
50% of all breast cancers occur in which quadrant?
The typical placement of the intensifying screen, when a single screen is employed, is with the:
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