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Covers the principles and techniques of analyzing and processing signals, including spectral analysis, filtering, and modulation, for various applications.
For higher-order IIR filters, ______ form can be used for more practical realization.
The zeros of the transfer function given by H(z) = z-3 is located at
The Nyquist theorem states that in order for a signal to be properly reconstructed, the signal must be sampled twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
If the signal can be expressed in mathematical form and exhibits a complete pattern in one cycle, the signal is odd and periodic.
Which of the following Z-transforms is equivalent to xNo = u(n-1)
The analysis and synthesis equation for Fourier Series of continuous periodic signals is equivalent to N point DFT and the inverse DFT, respectively
What is the order of the filter
The difference between the Bartlett and triangular windows is that the Fourier transform of a triangular windowis always negative.
In practice, audio signals are sampled at 8 bits, 16 bits and 24 bits.
The zero padding extends the non-zero value by changing the value of the entire signal through rounding off
Changing the sampling rate of an audio signal in time domain does not affect the characteristics of the audio in frequency domain since they have inverse relations.
An advanced impulse is placed before the reference 0.
In DFT multiplication in the time domain is multiplication in the frequency domain
Describe the magnitude response of the 6thorder Butterworth filter as .
In practice, audio signals are sampled at 8 bits and below.
In digital signal processing, the _______converts an analog signal to typically an electrical signal
A signal is described as an analog signal whose graph is symmetrical to the vertical axis and has complete pattern in one cycle. The signal's classification is completely given as:
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form is referred to as discrete time signal.
The order of the digital filter given by H(z)= 1 + z-2
Signal which cannot complete a certain pattern in one cycle is classified as
H(z) or the design of the filter is as easy as finding the ratio of the input over the output.
______________ by an integer factor of L means inserting L-1 zeros for every sample in the data sequence xNo.
The magnitude response of a rectangular pulse is a sinc function.
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is just DFT with ____.
To reduce a 192kHz to 44.1 kHz, resampling must be employed.
Which of the following is true about the side lobe roll-off rate (dB/decade) of windows?
The magnitude response of a rectangular pulse is a sine function.
During downsampling, information is added with the values inserted in between.
Identify which of the following signals are periodic?
Which of the following represents the process of downsampling
Time reversal property is similar to the
The rectangular window has a value of one over its appropriate length.
According to the French mathematician and physicist, ___any continuous periodic signal is could be represented by sum of sinusoids.
The ROC of xNo = u(n-1) is:
Going extremely higher than twice will also reconstruct the signal but is not practical.
Digital filters are classified according to
The filter described by following specifications has a stopband frequency at
Which of the following is does not employ downsampling of xNo = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]?
What type of filter is described by following specifications
__________ allows a complex plane representation of a digital signal or the system using poles and zeros.
Half of the sampling rate referred to as the Nyquist limit determines the value of
The downsampling factor involved of the audio signal from 192kHz to 48kHz is
A _______ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals (such as a voltage signal).
A type of digital filter which is used to eliminate a certain amount of frequency (e.g. 60 Hz in power line)
The ____converts an analog signal to typically an electrical signal.
An audio CD player uses a ____________ and oversampling.
Find the DTFT of x[n] = 5n u[-n]
Another term that refers to the transfer function, H(z) is
A filter which has a feedback is considered an FIRfilter.
How many poles and zeros does the transfer function H(z) = z-5 have
The output of Discrete Time Fourier transform is discreteand finite.
The angular frequency is equal to the frequency multiplied by a factor of 2.
In signal processing, all input signal begin with a:
What is the sequence representation of the discrete signal described by the functional representation given below?
Upsampling in the time-domain is _________ in frequency domain
The z transform of the signal is given by X(z) = , its inverse z is:
The advantage of a Butterworth and elliptic filters is that their roll off is faster but suffers from passband ripple.
Find the inverse z
What is the functional representation of the discrete signal
DFT provides a discrete frequency representation of a finite-duration sequence in the frequency domain
Compression is the transformation of a collection of data typically into a smaller file size.
Poles are defined as the value/s of z where the ______ will become zero.
Where are the zeros of H(z) = 1+ z-2 located?
Signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
To make the signal or system real, the pole/zero components must also be real or complex conjugate pairs.
A causal signal will neglect the values at the negative side.
The transformation of a signal from continuous-time to discrete-time form through sampling doesn’t just involve the conversion of the nature of the signal. This may also allow us to analyze the stability of the system through the use of the____.
Changing the sampling rate of an audio signal in time domain also affects the characteristics of the audio in frequency domain.
Region of convergenceis the set of values of z where the value of X(z) will be_____
If the signal needs to be represented in 100 gradations, how many bits are needed?
The ROC of X(z) = z – z-1 + z -2 is:
____is a property which refers to the scaling or multiplying by a constant.
Which of the following is not expressed in Hertz?
Generally, for a finite duration two-sided signal, the region of convergence is
The desired filter length of a Hamming window if N is 30 is
The exponent of z of an advanced impulse is negative.
An even signal may be expressed by xNo =
An 8-bit ADC channel accepts analog input ranging from 5 to 5 volts, determine the number of quantization levels
The process involved in converting a continuous time to discrete time signal is referred to as:
Signals are primarily classified into two: continuous time signal and discrete time.
A filter which has a feedback is considered an IIR filter.
The ROC of
It is evident that production of audio CDsfollows the Nyquist theorem since the sampling frequency used in this is 44.1 kHz
___________ by an integer factor of M means taking one sample from the data sequence x No for every M samples and discarding the last M -1 samples.
The inverse z-transform of X(z) = z – z-1 + z -2 is:
Which among the signals is equivalent to u(n-1)?
Linearity in DSP systems states that the principle of _____________ exists.
If the shifted input generate the corresponding shifted output in the same amount of time then the system is
The zero padding extends the non-zero value without changing the value of theentire signal
Find the DFT of xNo = [ -1 1 1 -1]
It is evident that production of audio CDs follows the Nyquist theorem since the sampling frequency used in this is 32 kHz
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form example is y = A sin ωtwhere it can be described as a sinusoidal signal with amplitude, A and is a function of time, t.
What characteristic of a signal is described by the completion of a certain pattern in one cycle?
An algorithm that computes the Discrete Fourier Transform is called a/an _________
The typical unwanted result of upsampling in images is in the form of debris and artifacts
Classify the signals with the notation given below:
__convert ac voltage at one frequency to another ac voltage at another frequency.
Zero stuffing is a method which is classified as
In multirate digital signal processing, the factors must be any positive number.
Method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in living organisms as well as detecting the amount of bound water in geological structures.
The input and output of Discrete Fourier transform is discrete and infinite.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form example is y = A sin ωt where it can be described as a sinusoidal signal with amplitude, A and is a function of time, t.
Signal which exhibits symmetry in the vertical axis are referred to as:
An exponential sequence can be expressed as an arithmetic series.
Generally, for a finite duration causal signal, the region of convergence is
Downsampling in the time-domain is _________ in frequency domain
The filter described by following specifications has a passband region at
The trade-off of using a higher order Butterworth filter is the
The cut-off frequency of the ideal filter if the normalized passband and stopband frequency is ωp=0.3π and ωs=0.6π, respectively is
Which of the following factors represents resampling?
What is natural pacemaker of the body?
A sampling technique which is the result of the combination of upsampling and downsampling is referred to as
If the signal can be expressed in mathematical form and exhibits a complete pattern in one cycle, the signal is deterministic and periodic.
An odd signal may be expressed in continuous time as x (t) is equal to
The passband region of the filter is described by following specifications has a gain of
All dual relations differ only in the sign of the exponent of the corresponding complex exponential which can be thought of either as _______________ of the spectrum
The Nyquist theorem states that in order for a signal to be properly reconstructed, the signal must be sampled twice the sum of the frequency components of the signal.
What is the z-transform of the signal
If xNo = [ 1 1 0 0 0.5] for 0 ≤ n ≤ 4, the z- transform of the signal is
Find the DFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [1, 1, 1, 1]
The value of z is the equivalent to the complex value in Fourier Transform if r = 1.
The transfer function of the difference equation given yNo = xNo –x(n-1) – 2y(n-1) – y(n-2) is:
When ω = π this corresponds to the____ possible rate of oscillation.
A property of Z-Transform which involves ashift in the input will have a corresponding shift in the output.
In a low pass filter design, the IIR filter that would give the least transition region but with passband ripple is
The output of Discrete Time Fourier transform is continuous periodic.
Find the unit impulse response of yNo= xNo+0.7 x(n-1)
Zeros are defined as the value/s of z where the ______ will become zero.
DFT provides a discrete frequency representation of infinite-duration sequence in the frequency domain
Going extremely higher than twice the maximum frequency componentis the best practice since it is practical.
Anlinear time invariant (LTI) causal discrete time system
It is distinguished from other areas in computer science by the unique type of data it uses.
Which of the following signals is continuous time, odd and periodic?
DSP is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences. It is distinguished from other areas in computer science by the unique type of data it uses as ____.
Find the magnitude response of the transfer function given by
Which of the following is true about Butterworth, Type I and Type II Chebyshev filters?
Find the unit impulse response of yNo= -2x(n-5)?
An exponential sequence can be expressed as a geometric series.
It is non-invasive test that record the electrical activity of the heart.
What is the resulting sampling rate if the original sampling rate is 6000 Hz, up-sampled by 10 and down-sampled by 3?
Express xNo = uNo – δNo – 0.5 δ(n-1) in sequence form.
It is the process which involves rounding off discrete values from the sampled signal.
What should be the sampling frequency for the signal x(t) = 1.5 sin 100πt – 2 sin 50πt?
____are often referred to as analog signals and they take on values in continuous interval (a, b), where a can be -∞ and b, ∞.
Signal which exhibits rotational symmetry with respect to the origin is referred to as even signal.
Quantization is a phenomenon which occurs when the sampling frequency is below twice the maximum frequency component of the signal
The transfer function of the LTI causal system given by yNo = xNo + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2) is?
During upsampling, information is added with the values inserted in between.
The difference between the Bartlett and triangular windows is that the Fourier transform of a Bartlett window is negative for n even.
The exponent of z of an advanced impulse is positive.
The relationship of the dualities of Fourier series and Transform
The input and output of Discrete Fourier transform is discrete and finite.
What is the impulse response of the function H(z) = 1+ z-2
If the signal has a sampling rate of 192kHz, to produce a 48kHz signal, the signal has to be
The ROC of xNo = δ(n+1) - δ(n-1) is:
Determine the value of M for the downsampling represented below:
Random signal are expressed using____.
The location of the poles and zeros is simply a representation of the digital filter and does not provide the characterization of the filter's response.
What is the z-transform of the signal xNo = 0.5 δ(n-3)?
What is the z-transform of the signal xNo = 2n uNo ?
From the given analog signal: xa(t) = 4 sin 4000πt + 8 cos 3000πt Determine the frequency components of the signal.
The analog __________is used before ADC to remove frequency components higher than the Fs/2 to avoid aliasing.
The filter described by following specifications has a stopband attenuation of
How many poles does the transfer functionH(z) = z-2 have?
The frequency ranges of DFT is
____allows a complex plane representation of the signal or the system.
The notation uNo refers to a __________
Which of the following represents the process of upsampling?
If the sampling frequency is fs = 50 Hz, which among the signals will experience aliasing?
The value of yNo in DFT can be determined using Inverse Fourier Transform
Reconstruction requires that the sampling rate should have a __________ value which is twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
The root/s of the denominator that will make the transfer function equal to 0 making the transfer function undefined is referred to as the
How many bits are needed to represent 1,000,000?
A converter used to change dc voltage into ac voltage.
A____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals such as a voltage signal.
If a signal is desired to be filtered in a triangular response, which of the following windows could give the best response?
The Fourier transform of a Rectangular window is?
A____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals.
Find the z transform of
The advantage of a Chebyshev Type I and elliptic filters isthat their roll off is faster but suffers from passband ripple.
Which of the following is described by the notation x (t) = -x(-t) or xNo = -x(-n)?
Find the DTFT of the signal x[n] = 0.9n u[n]
An advanced impulse is placed after the reference 0.
Where would the other pole be located if the transfer functions is composed of two zeros in the origin and a pole in -0.7i?
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform is just DFT with ____.
A Z-transform has limits from 0 to positive infinity is called unilateral Z-transform.
An anti-causal signal will neglect the values at the negative side.
It states that, for a signal to be properly reconstructed, a signal must be sampled twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
If the system's outputdepends only on its current input sample and past input samples, then it is referred to as
Compute for the minimum sampling resolution that could be represented by a 4 bit ADC?
Sampling period is the fixed interval between two samples in the time domain, and the reciprocal of the sampling period is called
A continuous time and discrete time signal varies in how they are expressed as a function. The latter uses ________ as its function.
The DTFT of x[n] = 0.2 n u[-n]
A property of Z-Transform which involves scaling is referred to as
Continuous time signal is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x
While referring to the difference equation, if there is a past and present output, the filter is an FIR filter.
Which of the following signals is continuous time and aperiodic?
The difference equation of a digital system is described by
Signals are primarily classified into two: periodic and aperiodic.
The unit for sampling resolution is
The typical unwanted result of downsampling in images is in the form of debris and artifacts
Multiplication of two sequences in time-domain is _______ in frequency domain
Common among characteristics of both Butterworth and Chebyshev Type II filters are having wide transition bands and flat pass bands.
Determine the digital sequence for the analog signals given by
A filter with two poles and 2 zeros inside the unit circle is _________ order filter.
Digital signal samples are represented by their amplitude versus
_____are often referred to as analog signals and they take on values in continuous interval (a, b), where a can be -∞ and b, ∞.
Which of the following is true about a random signal?
A mathematical operation that closely resembles convolution by measuring the degree to which the two signals are similar.
It is a phenomenon which occurs when the signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate
This procedure uses a special device to detect the sound that is reflected from a beating of the heart.
Which of the following is not a way to represent a discrete-time signal?
In audio, after downsampling, the signal is compressed both in time and frequency domain.
When dealing with non-causal system, convolution is practically the same with causal; the impulse will always start at n=0.
____is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences.
Where are the poles of H(z) = 1+ z-2 located?
The upsampling and downsampling factors to convert 25 Hz to 60 Hz is
Signal which cannot be expressed in simple mathematical form example is random noise.
The insertion of zero also called the zero stuffing in between samples is an example of resampling.
Given the two sequences,
Signal which exhibits rotational symmetry with respect to the origin is referred to as odd signal.
____is represented by computers. It is where the analysis and decision takes place. Using computer algorithms, the signals are processed.
Convert the causal system’s transfer functions into difference equation.
From the given analog signal:
An IIR filter requires more delay impulses as compare with an FIR filter which can utilize the same delay element multiple times.
Signal input is a real world signal which is in____.
The values of the new samples when employing linear interpolation is computed by
Property of DFT which shows additivity and scaling.
One reasons why downsampling is employed in transmission
The primary advantage of FIR filters over IIR filters is that they typically meet a given set of specifications with a much lower filter order than IIR.
Which of the following in not a discrete time signal?
If the value inserted in between samples is just a replica value of a neighboring sample, it is not considered upsampling.
____________ can be used to applications in communications such as band limiting the signal for transmission
To reduce the sampling rate from 96 kHz to 32kHz, the downsampling factor is
The synthesis and analysis equation for Fourier Series of continuous periodic signals is equivalent to N point DFT and the inverse DFT, respectively
A property which shows that xNo in time domain is X(k) in frequency domain
Suppose for a signal represented by the sequence, xNo = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9], if it is downsampled by 3, the output yNo would be:
If an audio signal is downsampled, the sound would be
The location of the poles and zeros provide the characterization of the filter's response.
Which among the following steps are not included in FFT algorithm?
This device detects electrical signals from the brain using the 8-16 pair of electrodes attached to the scalp.
The value of the second sample after upsampling using linear interpolation would be xNo = [ 0 1 2 3 4] by 3 would be:
A positive exponent of z denotes that the shift is
The __________________ of a periodic signal can be used to develop the DFT
The Z-transform of convolution is multiplication.
To make the signal or system real, the pole/zero components must also be real or complex valued even without a pair.
If there are two poles that represent a transfer function, the number of zeros can be 0 or 1.
The _________ of digital signal are applied to compute the spectrum's amplitude,power, or phase.
To produce a 250Hz signal from 400 Hz, thefactor is
How many zeros are there for the given transfer function
The main concept behind the ____is that from the electrical signal coming from the transducer, it is converted into a stream of 0s and 1s which can be read by the digital signal processor.
If there are two poles that represent a transfer function, it is expected to have two zeros also.
What is the transfer function of the LTI causal system consist of two poles and zeros located at origin?
A Z-transform has limits from 0 to positive infinity is called a rational Z-transform.
Given a specification for filter requirements, IIR can be implemented with less order than the FIR filters.
The insertion of zero also called the zero stuffing in between samples is an example of upsampling.
If the signal has a sampling rate of 48kHz, to produce a 44.1kHz signal, using integer factors, the signal has to be
In audio signal processing, a microphone acts as the transducer in the system.
While referring to the difference equation, if there is a past and present output, the filter is an IIR filter.
Unprocessed physical quantities such as the ____ that we hear are in the form of continuous time.
A digital filter is considered stable if the poles lie ___________ unit circle.
DFT property which shows that a signal in time domain and frequency domain is a result of a shifted by N samples.
A/an ____________ function, if applied to a signal before DFT reduces the spectral leakage due to abrupt truncation of the data sequence.
Convert the transfer functions of a causal system into difference equation.
A marginally stable digital filter have pole/s which are located at
A train of unit sample sequence which is theoretically infinite is referred to as unit step sequence.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form is referred to as deterministic signal.
In multirate digital signal processing, the factors must be an integer.
A functional representation given by
The equation that shows the relationship of the past output and present and past input samples and the present output sample is called
In order for us to convert a continuous time signal to discrete time time, _____is performed.
Aliasing is a phenomenon which occurs when the sampling frequency is below twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
____corresponds to how many levels or gradations can be made to a waveform.
In audio signal processing, a microphone acts as the filter of the system.
Signals which have both time and amplitude are discrete and referred to as:
The insertion of a replica of the value in between samples is an example of upsampling.
Find the DFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [j, 1, -j, 1]
Classification of signals are often referred to as the analog signal
The value of yNo in DFT can be determined using N point DFT
Given the following difference equation with the input-output relationship of a certain initially relaxed system, (all initial conditions are zero). Find the impulse response yNo due to the impulse sequence
Which among the windows have the highest peak side lobe?
What is the discrete signal obtained after sampling x(t) = 2.5 sin 200πt with fs = 250 Hz?
The frequency range of discrete-time signals is
The magnitude frequency response represents the ________ of the digital filter.
The type of discrete time signal described by a single impulse is referred to as __________
Given the difference equation
____are signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
The Z-transform of convolution is a circular convolution.
Interpolation is a method similar to
The impulse response of yNo = xNo + 0.5y(n-1) is a/an _________________ function.
A _________ is the one in which the output yNo at time n depends only on the present input xNo at time n, and its past input sample values
Signal which exhibits periodicity or can complete a certain pattern in one cycle.
If up sampling a signal involves by inserting non-zero values in between, this multirate DSP is referred to as
The approximate mainlobe width of a Bartlett window is:
From the given analog signal: xa(t) = 4 sin 4000πt + 8 cos 3000πt. Determine the minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.
The analysis and decision as to how the signal will be processed happens in the:
Convolution in the time domain is equivalent to __________ in frequency domain.
_________ algorithm is used to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform coefficients efficiently
Signal which cannot be expressed in simple mathematical form and are often expressed using probability.
What is the sampling period if the sampling frequency is 10 Hz?
In audio signal processing, a _____acts as the transducer in the system. In communications, an _____converts electromagnetic waves.
In DFT multiplication in the time domain is circular convolution to the frequency domain
Find the DTFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [1, 0, -1, 0]
Signal which cannot complete a certain pattern in one cycle.
Generally, for a finite duration anti-causal signal, the region of convergence is
Sampling is the transformation of a collection of data typically into a smaller file size.
A train of unit sample sequence which is theoretically infinite is referred to as a sinusoidal sequence.
Signal which exhibits symmetry in the vertical axis is classified as
Which of the following windows is best when the desired response requires the least sidelobes?
Which of the following sampling frequency give the lowest quality audio signal?
Nyquist theorem states that, for a signal to be properly reconstructed, a signal must be sampled twice the ________of the signal.
A signal defined as xNo = nan uNo has an ROC at
How many gradations can an 8 bit ADC represent?
____ is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences.
Which of the following signalsis discrete-time, deterministic and odd?
Which of the following signals is continuous time, deterministic, aperiodic?
With zero insertion, no information is added to the signal during upsampling.
___are said to have a range of 20 Hz up to 2kHz.
____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals (such as a voltage signal).
An FIR filter requires more delay impulses as compare with an IIR filter which can utilize the same delay element multiple times.
If the signal xNo = [ 0 1 2 3 4] will use linear interpolation to upsample the output by 2 would be
In video signals, if the frame rate of the original signal is 30 frames per second, to convert it to 25 frames per second,
______are signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
In audio, after downsampling, the signal is compressed in time domain but behave as expansion in the frequency domain.
Discrete time signal is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
The value of z is the equivalent to the complex value in Fourier Transform if r = 0.
Unprocessed physical quantities such as the audio signal that we hear are in the form of ___.
To reduce a 192kHz to 44.1 kHz, downsampling may be readily used.
It is a process which converts a continuous time signal to discrete-time form.
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