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Covers the principles and techniques of analyzing and processing signals, including spectral analysis, filtering, and modulation, for various applications.
DFT provides a discrete frequency representation of a finite-duration sequence in the frequency domain
The impulse response of yNo = xNo + 0.5y(n-1) is a/an _________________ function.
What is the resulting sampling rate if the original sampling rate is 6000 Hz, up-sampled by 10 and down-sampled by 3?
The Z-transform of convolution is a circular convolution.
Which of the following windows is best when the desired response requires the least sidelobes?
From the given analog signal: xa(t) = 4 sin 4000πt + 8 cos 3000πt Determine the frequency components of the signal.
An exponential sequence can be expressed as an arithmetic series.
To make the signal or system real, the pole/zero components must also be real or complex conjugate pairs.
A train of unit sample sequence which is theoretically infinite is referred to as a sinusoidal sequence.
Region of convergenceis the set of values of z where the value of X(z) will be_____
A digital filter is considered stable if the poles lie ___________ unit circle.
What is the transfer function of the LTI causal system consist of two poles and zeros located at origin?
It is a phenomenon which occurs when the signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate
The values of the new samples when employing linear interpolation is computed by
During downsampling, information is added with the values inserted in between.
Which of the following is true about the side lobe roll-off rate (dB/decade) of windows?
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form is referred to as deterministic signal.
A property which shows that xNo in time domain is X(k) in frequency domain
What is the z-transform of the signal xNo = 2n uNo ?
What is the sampling period if the sampling frequency is 10 Hz?
Which of the following represents the process of upsampling?
A type of digital filter which is used to eliminate a certain amount of frequency (e.g. 60 Hz in power line)
A signal is described as an analog signal whose graph is symmetrical to the vertical axis and has complete pattern in one cycle. The signal's classification is completely given as:
____is represented by computers. It is where the analysis and decision takes place. Using computer algorithms, the signals are processed.
How many gradations can an 8 bit ADC represent?
The value of yNo in DFT can be determined using N point DFT
A filter with two poles and 2 zeros inside the unit circle is _________ order filter.
The input and output of Discrete Fourier transform is discrete and infinite.
An advanced impulse is placed after the reference 0.
The insertion of zero also called the zero stuffing in between samples is an example of resampling.
Which of the following signalsis discrete-time, deterministic and odd?
How many bits are needed to represent 1,000,000?
Where are the zeros of H(z) = 1+ z-2 located?
A converter used to change dc voltage into ac voltage.
Quantization is a phenomenon which occurs when the sampling frequency is below twice the maximum frequency component of the signal
Interpolation is a method similar to
Property of DFT which shows additivity and scaling.
A functional representation given by
If the signal xNo = [ 0 1 2 3 4] will use linear interpolation to upsample the output by 2 would be
With zero insertion, no information is added to the signal during upsampling.
Which of the following Z-transforms is equivalent to xNo = u(n-1)
All dual relations differ only in the sign of the exponent of the corresponding complex exponential which can be thought of either as _______________ of the spectrum
In practice, audio signals are sampled at 8 bits, 16 bits and 24 bits.
It is non-invasive test that record the electrical activity of the heart.
The advantage of a Chebyshev Type I and elliptic filters isthat their roll off is faster but suffers from passband ripple.
A____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals.
Which of the following is true about Butterworth, Type I and Type II Chebyshev filters?
Unprocessed physical quantities such as the ____ that we hear are in the form of continuous time.
The angular frequency is equal to the frequency multiplied by a factor of 2.
If the signal needs to be represented in 100 gradations, how many bits are needed?
Which of the following is described by the notation x (t) = -x(-t) or xNo = -x(-n)?
Which among the windows have the highest peak side lobe?
If there are two poles that represent a transfer function, it is expected to have two zeros also.
A _________ is the one in which the output yNo at time n depends only on the present input xNo at time n, and its past input sample values
The Z-transform of convolution is multiplication.
Signal which exhibits rotational symmetry with respect to the origin is referred to as even signal.
Signals which have both time and amplitude are discrete and referred to as:
Anlinear time invariant (LTI) causal discrete time system
In digital signal processing, the _______converts an analog signal to typically an electrical signal
While referring to the difference equation, if there is a past and present output, the filter is an FIR filter.
The inverse z-transform of X(z) = z – z-1 + z -2 is:
This procedure uses a special device to detect the sound that is reflected from a beating of the heart.
If the signal has a sampling rate of 192kHz, to produce a 48kHz signal, the signal has to be
What should be the sampling frequency for the signal x(t) = 1.5 sin 100πt – 2 sin 50πt?
An FIR filter requires more delay impulses as compare with an IIR filter which can utilize the same delay element multiple times.
A property of Z-Transform which involves scaling is referred to as
Generally, for a finite duration two-sided signal, the region of convergence is
__________ allows a complex plane representation of a digital signal or the system using poles and zeros.
The unit for sampling resolution is
_____are often referred to as analog signals and they take on values in continuous interval (a, b), where a can be -∞ and b, ∞.
Signals are primarily classified into two: continuous time signal and discrete time.
A marginally stable digital filter have pole/s which are located at
What is natural pacemaker of the body?
The location of the poles and zeros provide the characterization of the filter's response.
In video signals, if the frame rate of the original signal is 30 frames per second, to convert it to 25 frames per second,
Another term that refers to the transfer function, H(z) is
What is the functional representation of the discrete signal
If the signal can be expressed in mathematical form and exhibits a complete pattern in one cycle, the signal is odd and periodic.
Sampling period is the fixed interval between two samples in the time domain, and the reciprocal of the sampling period is called
Express xNo = uNo – δNo – 0.5 δ(n-1) in sequence form.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form example is y = A sin ωtwhere it can be described as a sinusoidal signal with amplitude, A and is a function of time, t.
Describe the magnitude response of the 6thorder Butterworth filter as .
Signal which exhibits symmetry in the vertical axis is classified as
Signals are primarily classified into two: periodic and aperiodic.
Downsampling in the time-domain is _________ in frequency domain
Determine the value of M for the downsampling represented below:
Sampling is the transformation of a collection of data typically into a smaller file size.
The analysis and decision as to how the signal will be processed happens in the:
The ____converts an analog signal to typically an electrical signal.
____is a property which refers to the scaling or multiplying by a constant.
The equation that shows the relationship of the past output and present and past input samples and the present output sample is called
An audio CD player uses a ____________ and oversampling.
If there are two poles that represent a transfer function, the number of zeros can be 0 or 1.
Unprocessed physical quantities such as the audio signal that we hear are in the form of ___.
The Nyquist theorem states that in order for a signal to be properly reconstructed, the signal must be sampled twice the sum of the frequency components of the signal.
Find the z transform of
____ is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences.
What is the sequence representation of the discrete signal described by the functional representation given below?
Which of the following represents the process of downsampling
The advantage of a Butterworth and elliptic filters is that their roll off is faster but suffers from passband ripple.
The magnitude response of a rectangular pulse is a sinc function.
Find the DTFT of x[n] = 5n u[-n]
The value of the second sample after upsampling using linear interpolation would be xNo = [ 0 1 2 3 4] by 3 would be:
Signal which exhibits symmetry in the vertical axis are referred to as:
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is just DFT with ____.
DFT provides a discrete frequency representation of infinite-duration sequence in the frequency domain
Which of the following is does not employ downsampling of xNo = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]?
The primary advantage of FIR filters over IIR filters is that they typically meet a given set of specifications with a much lower filter order than IIR.
According to the French mathematician and physicist, ___any continuous periodic signal is could be represented by sum of sinusoids.
How many poles and zeros does the transfer function H(z) = z-5 have
The exponent of z of an advanced impulse is positive.
Where are the poles of H(z) = 1+ z-2 located?
An algorithm that computes the Discrete Fourier Transform is called a/an _________
In audio, after downsampling, the signal is compressed both in time and frequency domain.
The zeros of the transfer function given by H(z) = z-3 is located at
The filter described by following specifications has a stopband frequency at
To reduce a 192kHz to 44.1 kHz, downsampling may be readily used.
Going extremely higher than twice will also reconstruct the signal but is not practical.
The analysis and synthesis equation for Fourier Series of continuous periodic signals is equivalent to N point DFT and the inverse DFT, respectively
An even signal may be expressed by xNo =
An exponential sequence can be expressed as a geometric series.
The order of the digital filter given by H(z)= 1 + z-2
Compute for the minimum sampling resolution that could be represented by a 4 bit ADC?
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form example is y = A sin ωt where it can be described as a sinusoidal signal with amplitude, A and is a function of time, t.
Zeros are defined as the value/s of z where the ______ will become zero.
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform is just DFT with ____.
It is a process which converts a continuous time signal to discrete-time form.
Signal input is a real world signal which is in____.
The filter described by following specifications has a passband region at
The type of discrete time signal described by a single impulse is referred to as __________
The DTFT of x[n] = 0.2 n u[-n]
If the sampling frequency is fs = 50 Hz, which among the signals will experience aliasing?
A positive exponent of z denotes that the shift is
The __________________ of a periodic signal can be used to develop the DFT
____________ can be used to applications in communications such as band limiting the signal for transmission
The root/s of the denominator that will make the transfer function equal to 0 making the transfer function undefined is referred to as the
It is evident that production of audio CDsfollows the Nyquist theorem since the sampling frequency used in this is 44.1 kHz
____allows a complex plane representation of the signal or the system.
An odd signal may be expressed in continuous time as x (t) is equal to
A mathematical operation that closely resembles convolution by measuring the degree to which the two signals are similar.
The synthesis and analysis equation for Fourier Series of continuous periodic signals is equivalent to N point DFT and the inverse DFT, respectively
____are often referred to as analog signals and they take on values in continuous interval (a, b), where a can be -∞ and b, ∞.
Suppose for a signal represented by the sequence, xNo = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9], if it is downsampled by 3, the output yNo would be:
The _________ of digital signal are applied to compute the spectrum's amplitude,power, or phase.
The analog __________is used before ADC to remove frequency components higher than the Fs/2 to avoid aliasing.
Zero stuffing is a method which is classified as
Changing the sampling rate of an audio signal in time domain does not affect the characteristics of the audio in frequency domain since they have inverse relations.
The zero padding extends the non-zero value by changing the value of the entire signal through rounding off
The desired filter length of a Hamming window if N is 30 is
Convert the causal system’s transfer functions into difference equation.
___________ by an integer factor of M means taking one sample from the data sequence x No for every M samples and discarding the last M -1 samples.
The upsampling and downsampling factors to convert 25 Hz to 60 Hz is
Which of the following signals is continuous time and aperiodic?
The ROC of xNo = u(n-1) is:
A property of Z-Transform which involves ashift in the input will have a corresponding shift in the output.
It states that, for a signal to be properly reconstructed, a signal must be sampled twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
Which of the following is not expressed in Hertz?
A Z-transform has limits from 0 to positive infinity is called unilateral Z-transform.
In practice, audio signals are sampled at 8 bits and below.
__convert ac voltage at one frequency to another ac voltage at another frequency.
If up sampling a signal involves by inserting non-zero values in between, this multirate DSP is referred to as
The transformation of a signal from continuous-time to discrete-time form through sampling doesn’t just involve the conversion of the nature of the signal. This may also allow us to analyze the stability of the system through the use of the____.
Find the magnitude response of the transfer function given by
Which of the following in not a discrete time signal?
Given the difference equation
When ω = π this corresponds to the____ possible rate of oscillation.
Signal which exhibits periodicity or can complete a certain pattern in one cycle.
Given the two sequences,
The magnitude response of a rectangular pulse is a sine function.
To reduce the sampling rate from 96 kHz to 32kHz, the downsampling factor is
A sampling technique which is the result of the combination of upsampling and downsampling is referred to as
Identify which of the following signals are periodic?
In audio signal processing, a _____acts as the transducer in the system. In communications, an _____converts electromagnetic waves.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form is referred to as discrete time signal.
What is the order of the filter
____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals (such as a voltage signal).
Find the DFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [j, 1, -j, 1]
While referring to the difference equation, if there is a past and present output, the filter is an IIR filter.
In DFT multiplication in the time domain is circular convolution to the frequency domain
Nyquist theorem states that, for a signal to be properly reconstructed, a signal must be sampled twice the ________of the signal.
The trade-off of using a higher order Butterworth filter is the
Given the following difference equation with the input-output relationship of a certain initially relaxed system, (all initial conditions are zero). Find the impulse response yNo due to the impulse sequence
Discrete time signal is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
The insertion of a replica of the value in between samples is an example of upsampling.
The main concept behind the ____is that from the electrical signal coming from the transducer, it is converted into a stream of 0s and 1s which can be read by the digital signal processor.
The location of the poles and zeros is simply a representation of the digital filter and does not provide the characterization of the filter's response.
A Z-transform has limits from 0 to positive infinity is called a rational Z-transform.
____corresponds to how many levels or gradations can be made to a waveform.
The transfer function of the difference equation given yNo = xNo –x(n-1) – 2y(n-1) – y(n-2) is:
The typical unwanted result of downsampling in images is in the form of debris and artifacts
Aliasing is a phenomenon which occurs when the sampling frequency is below twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
Classify the signals with the notation given below:
A train of unit sample sequence which is theoretically infinite is referred to as unit step sequence.
____is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences.
Find the unit impulse response of yNo= xNo+0.7 x(n-1)
An anti-causal signal will neglect the values at the negative side.
Compression is the transformation of a collection of data typically into a smaller file size.
Which of the following is not a way to represent a discrete-time signal?
What is the impulse response of the function H(z) = 1+ z-2
Generally, for a finite duration causal signal, the region of convergence is
The difference between the Bartlett and triangular windows is that the Fourier transform of a triangular windowis always negative.
___are said to have a range of 20 Hz up to 2kHz.
When dealing with non-causal system, convolution is practically the same with causal; the impulse will always start at n=0.
Linearity in DSP systems states that the principle of _____________ exists.
_________ algorithm is used to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform coefficients efficiently
Find the DFT of xNo = [ -1 1 1 -1]
The value of z is the equivalent to the complex value in Fourier Transform if r = 0.
It is evident that production of audio CDs follows the Nyquist theorem since the sampling frequency used in this is 32 kHz
The ROC of xNo = δ(n+1) - δ(n-1) is:
The approximate mainlobe width of a Bartlett window is:
H(z) or the design of the filter is as easy as finding the ratio of the input over the output.
If an audio signal is downsampled, the sound would be
A____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals such as a voltage signal.
In multirate digital signal processing, the factors must be an integer.
DFT property which shows that a signal in time domain and frequency domain is a result of a shifted by N samples.
Continuous time signal is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x
In DFT multiplication in the time domain is multiplication in the frequency domain
The value of yNo in DFT can be determined using Inverse Fourier Transform
In audio signal processing, a microphone acts as the transducer in the system.
A causal signal will neglect the values at the negative side.
The notation uNo refers to a __________
Random signal are expressed using____.
An IIR filter requires more delay impulses as compare with an FIR filter which can utilize the same delay element multiple times.
Which among the following steps are not included in FFT algorithm?
____are signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
Find the inverse z
The relationship of the dualities of Fourier series and Transform
Which of the following is true about a random signal?
Convolution in the time domain is equivalent to __________ in frequency domain.
From the given analog signal:
Generally, for a finite duration anti-causal signal, the region of convergence is
Find the unit impulse response of yNo= -2x(n-5)?
If the signal can be expressed in mathematical form and exhibits a complete pattern in one cycle, the signal is deterministic and periodic.
The magnitude frequency response represents the ________ of the digital filter.
The typical unwanted result of upsampling in images is in the form of debris and artifacts
Find the DTFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [1, 0, -1, 0]
To produce a 250Hz signal from 400 Hz, thefactor is
Upsampling in the time-domain is _________ in frequency domain
What is the discrete signal obtained after sampling x(t) = 2.5 sin 200πt with fs = 250 Hz?
What is the z-transform of the signal xNo = 0.5 δ(n-3)?
It is distinguished from other areas in computer science by the unique type of data it uses.
Signal which exhibits rotational symmetry with respect to the origin is referred to as odd signal.
If the signal has a sampling rate of 48kHz, to produce a 44.1kHz signal, using integer factors, the signal has to be
The insertion of zero also called the zero stuffing in between samples is an example of upsampling.
This device detects electrical signals from the brain using the 8-16 pair of electrodes attached to the scalp.
Signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
Digital filters are classified according to
The output of Discrete Time Fourier transform is continuous periodic.
During upsampling, information is added with the values inserted in between.
Which of the following sampling frequency give the lowest quality audio signal?
A filter which has a feedback is considered an FIRfilter.
Classification of signals are often referred to as the analog signal
Changing the sampling rate of an audio signal in time domain also affects the characteristics of the audio in frequency domain.
The Nyquist theorem states that in order for a signal to be properly reconstructed, the signal must be sampled twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
One reasons why downsampling is employed in transmission
In multirate digital signal processing, the factors must be any positive number.
An advanced impulse is placed before the reference 0.
A/an ____________ function, if applied to a signal before DFT reduces the spectral leakage due to abrupt truncation of the data sequence.
The transfer function of the LTI causal system given by yNo = xNo + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2) is?
A continuous time and discrete time signal varies in how they are expressed as a function. The latter uses ________ as its function.
An 8-bit ADC channel accepts analog input ranging from 5 to 5 volts, determine the number of quantization levels
The input and output of Discrete Fourier transform is discrete and finite.
To make the signal or system real, the pole/zero components must also be real or complex valued even without a pair.
Signal which cannot complete a certain pattern in one cycle.
The rectangular window has a value of one over its appropriate length.
What type of filter is described by following specifications
From the given analog signal: xa(t) = 4 sin 4000πt + 8 cos 3000πt. Determine the minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.
The frequency range of discrete-time signals is
Going extremely higher than twice the maximum frequency componentis the best practice since it is practical.
Which of the following signals is continuous time, deterministic, aperiodic?
If the system's outputdepends only on its current input sample and past input samples, then it is referred to as
Digital signal samples are represented by their amplitude versus
A signal defined as xNo = nan uNo has an ROC at
The downsampling factor involved of the audio signal from 192kHz to 48kHz is
A _______ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals (such as a voltage signal).
To reduce a 192kHz to 44.1 kHz, resampling must be employed.
If the shifted input generate the corresponding shifted output in the same amount of time then the system is
If the value inserted in between samples is just a replica value of a neighboring sample, it is not considered upsampling.
Signal which cannot be expressed in simple mathematical form example is random noise.
Method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in living organisms as well as detecting the amount of bound water in geological structures.
The z transform of the signal is given by X(z) = , its inverse z is:
How many zeros are there for the given transfer function
If a signal is desired to be filtered in a triangular response, which of the following windows could give the best response?
Poles are defined as the value/s of z where the ______ will become zero.
How many poles does the transfer functionH(z) = z-2 have?
______________ by an integer factor of L means inserting L-1 zeros for every sample in the data sequence xNo.
The value of z is the equivalent to the complex value in Fourier Transform if r = 1.
Multiplication of two sequences in time-domain is _______ in frequency domain
In order for us to convert a continuous time signal to discrete time time, _____is performed.
It is the process which involves rounding off discrete values from the sampled signal.
In audio signal processing, a microphone acts as the filter of the system.
Convert the transfer functions of a causal system into difference equation.
For higher-order IIR filters, ______ form can be used for more practical realization.
Find the DFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [1, 1, 1, 1]
A filter which has a feedback is considered an IIR filter.
Which of the following factors represents resampling?
The ROC of
The process involved in converting a continuous time to discrete time signal is referred to as:
In audio, after downsampling, the signal is compressed in time domain but behave as expansion in the frequency domain.
Determine the digital sequence for the analog signals given by
In signal processing, all input signal begin with a:
The cut-off frequency of the ideal filter if the normalized passband and stopband frequency is ωp=0.3π and ωs=0.6π, respectively is
The difference equation of a digital system is described by
The ROC of X(z) = z – z-1 + z -2 is:
Given a specification for filter requirements, IIR can be implemented with less order than the FIR filters.
Which of the following signals is continuous time, odd and periodic?
The passband region of the filter is described by following specifications has a gain of
Find the DTFT of the signal x[n] = 0.9n u[n]
In a low pass filter design, the IIR filter that would give the least transition region but with passband ripple is
DSP is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences. It is distinguished from other areas in computer science by the unique type of data it uses as ____.
What characteristic of a signal is described by the completion of a certain pattern in one cycle?
The zero padding extends the non-zero value without changing the value of theentire signal
The exponent of z of an advanced impulse is negative.
Common among characteristics of both Butterworth and Chebyshev Type II filters are having wide transition bands and flat pass bands.
The difference between the Bartlett and triangular windows is that the Fourier transform of a Bartlett window is negative for n even.
The filter described by following specifications has a stopband attenuation of
Signal which cannot complete a certain pattern in one cycle is classified as
What is the z-transform of the signal
Reconstruction requires that the sampling rate should have a __________ value which is twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
The output of Discrete Time Fourier transform is discreteand finite.
If xNo = [ 1 1 0 0 0.5] for 0 ≤ n ≤ 4, the z- transform of the signal is
Which among the signals is equivalent to u(n-1)?
______are signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
Time reversal property is similar to the
Where would the other pole be located if the transfer functions is composed of two zeros in the origin and a pole in -0.7i?
Signal which cannot be expressed in simple mathematical form and are often expressed using probability.
Half of the sampling rate referred to as the Nyquist limit determines the value of
The frequency ranges of DFT is
The Fourier transform of a Rectangular window is?
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