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Covers the principles and techniques of analyzing and processing signals, including spectral analysis, filtering, and modulation, for various applications.
Given the difference equation
____are often referred to as analog signals and they take on values in continuous interval (a, b), where a can be -∞ and b, ∞.
The exponent of z of an advanced impulse is positive.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form example is y = A sin ωtwhere it can be described as a sinusoidal signal with amplitude, A and is a function of time, t.
The difference equation of a digital system is described by
To make the signal or system real, the pole/zero components must also be real or complex valued even without a pair.
____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals (such as a voltage signal).
From the given analog signal:
Find the DFT of xNo = [ -1 1 1 -1]
If the signal has a sampling rate of 48kHz, to produce a 44.1kHz signal, using integer factors, the signal has to be
___are said to have a range of 20 Hz up to 2kHz.
______________ by an integer factor of L means inserting L-1 zeros for every sample in the data sequence xNo.
Classification of signals are often referred to as the analog signal
A positive exponent of z denotes that the shift is
The upsampling and downsampling factors to convert 25 Hz to 60 Hz is
The DTFT of x[n] = 0.2 n u[-n]
The exponent of z of an advanced impulse is negative.
Compute for the minimum sampling resolution that could be represented by a 4 bit ADC?
Digital signal samples are represented by their amplitude versus
The order of the digital filter given by H(z)= 1 + z-2
From the given analog signal: xa(t) = 4 sin 4000πt + 8 cos 3000πt Determine the frequency components of the signal.
Signal which exhibits symmetry in the vertical axis are referred to as:
The inverse z-transform of X(z) = z – z-1 + z -2 is:
____is represented by computers. It is where the analysis and decision takes place. Using computer algorithms, the signals are processed.
The location of the poles and zeros provide the characterization of the filter's response.
If the shifted input generate the corresponding shifted output in the same amount of time then the system is
A property of Z-Transform which involves scaling is referred to as
Half of the sampling rate referred to as the Nyquist limit determines the value of
The value of z is the equivalent to the complex value in Fourier Transform if r = 0.
An algorithm that computes the Discrete Fourier Transform is called a/an _________
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form is referred to as discrete time signal.
With zero insertion, no information is added to the signal during upsampling.
A____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals.
The filter described by following specifications has a stopband attenuation of
What is the resulting sampling rate if the original sampling rate is 6000 Hz, up-sampled by 10 and down-sampled by 3?
In digital signal processing, the _______converts an analog signal to typically an electrical signal
Nyquist theorem states that, for a signal to be properly reconstructed, a signal must be sampled twice the ________of the signal.
Determine the digital sequence for the analog signals given by
The ____converts an analog signal to typically an electrical signal.
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is just DFT with ____.
An IIR filter requires more delay impulses as compare with an FIR filter which can utilize the same delay element multiple times.
What is the sequence representation of the discrete signal described by the functional representation given below?
Unprocessed physical quantities such as the ____ that we hear are in the form of continuous time.
Given the following difference equation with the input-output relationship of a certain initially relaxed system, (all initial conditions are zero). Find the impulse response yNo due to the impulse sequence
An FIR filter requires more delay impulses as compare with an IIR filter which can utilize the same delay element multiple times.
An anti-causal signal will neglect the values at the negative side.
Signal input is a real world signal which is in____.
The trade-off of using a higher order Butterworth filter is the
A mathematical operation that closely resembles convolution by measuring the degree to which the two signals are similar.
If the signal has a sampling rate of 192kHz, to produce a 48kHz signal, the signal has to be
Which of the following signals is continuous time, odd and periodic?
The value of z is the equivalent to the complex value in Fourier Transform if r = 1.
Identify which of the following signals are periodic?
The rectangular window has a value of one over its appropriate length.
The difference between the Bartlett and triangular windows is that the Fourier transform of a triangular windowis always negative.
The transformation of a signal from continuous-time to discrete-time form through sampling doesn’t just involve the conversion of the nature of the signal. This may also allow us to analyze the stability of the system through the use of the____.
An audio CD player uses a ____________ and oversampling.
If the system's outputdepends only on its current input sample and past input samples, then it is referred to as
It is evident that production of audio CDs follows the Nyquist theorem since the sampling frequency used in this is 32 kHz
In audio signal processing, a microphone acts as the transducer in the system.
DFT provides a discrete frequency representation of a finite-duration sequence in the frequency domain
In DFT multiplication in the time domain is circular convolution to the frequency domain
The analysis and decision as to how the signal will be processed happens in the:
In DFT multiplication in the time domain is multiplication in the frequency domain
An advanced impulse is placed after the reference 0.
The insertion of zero also called the zero stuffing in between samples is an example of upsampling.
Suppose for a signal represented by the sequence, xNo = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9], if it is downsampled by 3, the output yNo would be:
The typical unwanted result of downsampling in images is in the form of debris and artifacts
What is the z-transform of the signal xNo = 0.5 δ(n-3)?
The __________________ of a periodic signal can be used to develop the DFT
______are signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
Compression is the transformation of a collection of data typically into a smaller file size.
____corresponds to how many levels or gradations can be made to a waveform.
Find the z transform of
When ω = π this corresponds to the____ possible rate of oscillation.
The zero padding extends the non-zero value by changing the value of the entire signal through rounding off
A signal defined as xNo = nan uNo has an ROC at
Poles are defined as the value/s of z where the ______ will become zero.
Aliasing is a phenomenon which occurs when the sampling frequency is below twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
A filter with two poles and 2 zeros inside the unit circle is _________ order filter.
The zero padding extends the non-zero value without changing the value of theentire signal
To reduce the sampling rate from 96 kHz to 32kHz, the downsampling factor is
How many zeros are there for the given transfer function
The synthesis and analysis equation for Fourier Series of continuous periodic signals is equivalent to N point DFT and the inverse DFT, respectively
Reconstruction requires that the sampling rate should have a __________ value which is twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
A digital filter is considered stable if the poles lie ___________ unit circle.
Find the unit impulse response of yNo= -2x(n-5)?
Find the DTFT of the signal x[n] = 0.9n u[n]
Another term that refers to the transfer function, H(z) is
Going extremely higher than twice will also reconstruct the signal but is not practical.
The zeros of the transfer function given by H(z) = z-3 is located at
Signal which exhibits rotational symmetry with respect to the origin is referred to as even signal.
A____ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals such as a voltage signal.
_____are often referred to as analog signals and they take on values in continuous interval (a, b), where a can be -∞ and b, ∞.
An exponential sequence can be expressed as an arithmetic series.
The ROC of xNo = δ(n+1) - δ(n-1) is:
Generally, for a finite duration anti-causal signal, the region of convergence is
Convert the causal system’s transfer functions into difference equation.
Find the DFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [1, 1, 1, 1]
In multirate digital signal processing, the factors must be an integer.
Find the unit impulse response of yNo= xNo+0.7 x(n-1)
Sampling period is the fixed interval between two samples in the time domain, and the reciprocal of the sampling period is called
It is evident that production of audio CDsfollows the Nyquist theorem since the sampling frequency used in this is 44.1 kHz
A signal is described as an analog signal whose graph is symmetrical to the vertical axis and has complete pattern in one cycle. The signal's classification is completely given as:
If the sampling frequency is fs = 50 Hz, which among the signals will experience aliasing?
What is the z-transform of the signal xNo = 2n uNo ?
__convert ac voltage at one frequency to another ac voltage at another frequency.
What is the impulse response of the function H(z) = 1+ z-2
It states that, for a signal to be properly reconstructed, a signal must be sampled twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
A filter which has a feedback is considered an IIR filter.
It is a process which converts a continuous time signal to discrete-time form.
If the signal needs to be represented in 100 gradations, how many bits are needed?
Which of the following is does not employ downsampling of xNo = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]?
A causal signal will neglect the values at the negative side.
If an audio signal is downsampled, the sound would be
A/an ____________ function, if applied to a signal before DFT reduces the spectral leakage due to abrupt truncation of the data sequence.
The typical unwanted result of upsampling in images is in the form of debris and artifacts
Unprocessed physical quantities such as the audio signal that we hear are in the form of ___.
Which of the following represents the process of downsampling
How many gradations can an 8 bit ADC represent?
In video signals, if the frame rate of the original signal is 30 frames per second, to convert it to 25 frames per second,
The analysis and synthesis equation for Fourier Series of continuous periodic signals is equivalent to N point DFT and the inverse DFT, respectively
Signals are primarily classified into two: continuous time signal and discrete time.
Which among the following steps are not included in FFT algorithm?
The input and output of Discrete Fourier transform is discrete and infinite.
Upsampling in the time-domain is _________ in frequency domain
The frequency range of discrete-time signals is
Determine the value of M for the downsampling represented below:
If a signal is desired to be filtered in a triangular response, which of the following windows could give the best response?
The main concept behind the ____is that from the electrical signal coming from the transducer, it is converted into a stream of 0s and 1s which can be read by the digital signal processor.
Generally, for a finite duration causal signal, the region of convergence is
A Z-transform has limits from 0 to positive infinity is called unilateral Z-transform.
What type of filter is described by following specifications
What is the order of the filter
Anlinear time invariant (LTI) causal discrete time system
In multirate digital signal processing, the factors must be any positive number.
Quantization is a phenomenon which occurs when the sampling frequency is below twice the maximum frequency component of the signal
Which of the following is true about Butterworth, Type I and Type II Chebyshev filters?
Which of the following Z-transforms is equivalent to xNo = u(n-1)
The impulse response of yNo = xNo + 0.5y(n-1) is a/an _________________ function.
If the value inserted in between samples is just a replica value of a neighboring sample, it is not considered upsampling.
The angular frequency is equal to the frequency multiplied by a factor of 2.
Signal which exhibits rotational symmetry with respect to the origin is referred to as odd signal.
A Z-transform has limits from 0 to positive infinity is called a rational Z-transform.
The z transform of the signal is given by X(z) = , its inverse z is:
Where would the other pole be located if the transfer functions is composed of two zeros in the origin and a pole in -0.7i?
The value of the second sample after upsampling using linear interpolation would be xNo = [ 0 1 2 3 4] by 3 would be:
During downsampling, information is added with the values inserted in between.
The filter described by following specifications has a passband region at
Signals are primarily classified into two: periodic and aperiodic.
The difference between the Bartlett and triangular windows is that the Fourier transform of a Bartlett window is negative for n even.
H(z) or the design of the filter is as easy as finding the ratio of the input over the output.
Signal which exhibits symmetry in the vertical axis is classified as
Signal which cannot be expressed in simple mathematical form example is random noise.
The desired filter length of a Hamming window if N is 30 is
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform is just DFT with ____.
Which of the following signals is continuous time and aperiodic?
The advantage of a Chebyshev Type I and elliptic filters isthat their roll off is faster but suffers from passband ripple.
____is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences.
Convert the transfer functions of a causal system into difference equation.
Find the magnitude response of the transfer function given by
What is the discrete signal obtained after sampling x(t) = 2.5 sin 200πt with fs = 250 Hz?
The process involved in converting a continuous time to discrete time signal is referred to as:
The downsampling factor involved of the audio signal from 192kHz to 48kHz is
To produce a 250Hz signal from 400 Hz, thefactor is
If the signal can be expressed in mathematical form and exhibits a complete pattern in one cycle, the signal is odd and periodic.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form example is y = A sin ωt where it can be described as a sinusoidal signal with amplitude, A and is a function of time, t.
A train of unit sample sequence which is theoretically infinite is referred to as a sinusoidal sequence.
In practice, audio signals are sampled at 8 bits, 16 bits and 24 bits.
Which of the following sampling frequency give the lowest quality audio signal?
Signal which cannot complete a certain pattern in one cycle.
A marginally stable digital filter have pole/s which are located at
In audio, after downsampling, the signal is compressed both in time and frequency domain.
Given the two sequences,
The magnitude response of a rectangular pulse is a sine function.
Going extremely higher than twice the maximum frequency componentis the best practice since it is practical.
The Nyquist theorem states that in order for a signal to be properly reconstructed, the signal must be sampled twice the maximum frequency component of the signal.
What is the sampling period if the sampling frequency is 10 Hz?
In audio signal processing, a microphone acts as the filter of the system.
The frequency ranges of DFT is
Which of the following in not a discrete time signal?
The advantage of a Butterworth and elliptic filters is that their roll off is faster but suffers from passband ripple.
In audio, after downsampling, the signal is compressed in time domain but behave as expansion in the frequency domain.
The output of Discrete Time Fourier transform is continuous periodic.
What is the transfer function of the LTI causal system consist of two poles and zeros located at origin?
The values of the new samples when employing linear interpolation is computed by
A continuous time and discrete time signal varies in how they are expressed as a function. The latter uses ________ as its function.
From the given analog signal: xa(t) = 4 sin 4000πt + 8 cos 3000πt. Determine the minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.
Which of the following signals is continuous time, deterministic, aperiodic?
Classify the signals with the notation given below:
Which of the following is true about the side lobe roll-off rate (dB/decade) of windows?
The filter described by following specifications has a stopband frequency at
The ROC of xNo = u(n-1) is:
The Z-transform of convolution is multiplication.
A property which shows that xNo in time domain is X(k) in frequency domain
An exponential sequence can be expressed as a geometric series.
If the signal xNo = [ 0 1 2 3 4] will use linear interpolation to upsample the output by 2 would be
The equation that shows the relationship of the past output and present and past input samples and the present output sample is called
Which of the following represents the process of upsampling?
The approximate mainlobe width of a Bartlett window is:
The unit for sampling resolution is
This procedure uses a special device to detect the sound that is reflected from a beating of the heart.
The relationship of the dualities of Fourier series and Transform
The type of discrete time signal described by a single impulse is referred to as __________
Generally, for a finite duration two-sided signal, the region of convergence is
The _________ of digital signal are applied to compute the spectrum's amplitude,power, or phase.
Discrete time signal is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
A functional representation given by
Convolution in the time domain is equivalent to __________ in frequency domain.
Which among the windows have the highest peak side lobe?
____________ can be used to applications in communications such as band limiting the signal for transmission
Which of the following factors represents resampling?
A type of digital filter which is used to eliminate a certain amount of frequency (e.g. 60 Hz in power line)
An advanced impulse is placed before the reference 0.
Signal which can be expressed in mathematical form is referred to as deterministic signal.
The insertion of zero also called the zero stuffing in between samples is an example of resampling.
The value of yNo in DFT can be determined using Inverse Fourier Transform
____allows a complex plane representation of the signal or the system.
Where are the poles of H(z) = 1+ z-2 located?
Express xNo = uNo – δNo – 0.5 δ(n-1) in sequence form.
Multiplication of two sequences in time-domain is _______ in frequency domain
____are signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
For higher-order IIR filters, ______ form can be used for more practical realization.
A converter used to change dc voltage into ac voltage.
Zero stuffing is a method which is classified as
Signal which cannot complete a certain pattern in one cycle is classified as
All dual relations differ only in the sign of the exponent of the corresponding complex exponential which can be thought of either as _______________ of the spectrum
If the signal can be expressed in mathematical form and exhibits a complete pattern in one cycle, the signal is deterministic and periodic.
Which of the following is described by the notation x (t) = -x(-t) or xNo = -x(-n)?
While referring to the difference equation, if there is a past and present output, the filter is an IIR filter.
___________ by an integer factor of M means taking one sample from the data sequence x No for every M samples and discarding the last M -1 samples.
Region of convergenceis the set of values of z where the value of X(z) will be_____
While referring to the difference equation, if there is a past and present output, the filter is an FIR filter.
To reduce a 192kHz to 44.1 kHz, resampling must be employed.
Time reversal property is similar to the
The insertion of a replica of the value in between samples is an example of upsampling.
The magnitude response of a rectangular pulse is a sinc function.
Method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in living organisms as well as detecting the amount of bound water in geological structures.
Which of the following signalsis discrete-time, deterministic and odd?
The notation uNo refers to a __________
Given a specification for filter requirements, IIR can be implemented with less order than the FIR filters.
__________ allows a complex plane representation of a digital signal or the system using poles and zeros.
What characteristic of a signal is described by the completion of a certain pattern in one cycle?
According to the French mathematician and physicist, ___any continuous periodic signal is could be represented by sum of sinusoids.
It is non-invasive test that record the electrical activity of the heart.
DSP is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences. It is distinguished from other areas in computer science by the unique type of data it uses as ____.
The Nyquist theorem states that in order for a signal to be properly reconstructed, the signal must be sampled twice the sum of the frequency components of the signal.
DFT property which shows that a signal in time domain and frequency domain is a result of a shifted by N samples.
DFT provides a discrete frequency representation of infinite-duration sequence in the frequency domain
This device detects electrical signals from the brain using the 8-16 pair of electrodes attached to the scalp.
In signal processing, all input signal begin with a:
An odd signal may be expressed in continuous time as x (t) is equal to
Which of the following is not a way to represent a discrete-time signal?
If up sampling a signal involves by inserting non-zero values in between, this multirate DSP is referred to as
Digital filters are classified according to
The Z-transform of convolution is a circular convolution.
Where are the zeros of H(z) = 1+ z-2 located?
The passband region of the filter is described by following specifications has a gain of
Find the DTFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [1, 0, -1, 0]
To make the signal or system real, the pole/zero components must also be real or complex conjugate pairs.
Which of the following windows is best when the desired response requires the least sidelobes?
The magnitude frequency response represents the ________ of the digital filter.
Find the DTFT of x[n] = 5n u[-n]
It is distinguished from other areas in computer science by the unique type of data it uses.
Continuous time signal is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x
A filter which has a feedback is considered an FIRfilter.
The value of yNo in DFT can be determined using N point DFT
Which of the following is true about a random signal?
Which of the following is not expressed in Hertz?
Changing the sampling rate of an audio signal in time domain also affects the characteristics of the audio in frequency domain.
During upsampling, information is added with the values inserted in between.
The transfer function of the difference equation given yNo = xNo –x(n-1) – 2y(n-1) – y(n-2) is:
How many bits are needed to represent 1,000,000?
Signals which are the preprocessed signals which are to be used in digital signal processing. It is represented mathematically by a sequence of numbers x.
The location of the poles and zeros is simply a representation of the digital filter and does not provide the characterization of the filter's response.
What should be the sampling frequency for the signal x(t) = 1.5 sin 100πt – 2 sin 50πt?
Find the DFT of the discrete time signal xNo = [j, 1, -j, 1]
Property of DFT which shows additivity and scaling.
To reduce a 192kHz to 44.1 kHz, downsampling may be readily used.
An even signal may be expressed by xNo =
If there are two poles that represent a transfer function, the number of zeros can be 0 or 1.
Linearity in DSP systems states that the principle of _____________ exists.
One reasons why downsampling is employed in transmission
In practice, audio signals are sampled at 8 bits and below.
The analog __________is used before ADC to remove frequency components higher than the Fs/2 to avoid aliasing.
If xNo = [ 1 1 0 0 0.5] for 0 ≤ n ≤ 4, the z- transform of the signal is
Signal which exhibits periodicity or can complete a certain pattern in one cycle.
The input and output of Discrete Fourier transform is discrete and finite.
Common among characteristics of both Butterworth and Chebyshev Type II filters are having wide transition bands and flat pass bands.
When dealing with non-causal system, convolution is practically the same with causal; the impulse will always start at n=0.
Changing the sampling rate of an audio signal in time domain does not affect the characteristics of the audio in frequency domain since they have inverse relations.
Signals which have both time and amplitude are discrete and referred to as:
A _________ is the one in which the output yNo at time n depends only on the present input xNo at time n, and its past input sample values
Random signal are expressed using____.
Zeros are defined as the value/s of z where the ______ will become zero.
A sampling technique which is the result of the combination of upsampling and downsampling is referred to as
The ROC of X(z) = z – z-1 + z -2 is:
Sampling is the transformation of a collection of data typically into a smaller file size.
It is the process which involves rounding off discrete values from the sampled signal.
Signal which cannot be expressed in simple mathematical form and are often expressed using probability.
The ROC of
The output of Discrete Time Fourier transform is discreteand finite.
A _______ is used to convert digital signals consisting of 0s and 1s to varying analog signals (such as a voltage signal).
The primary advantage of FIR filters over IIR filters is that they typically meet a given set of specifications with a much lower filter order than IIR.
____ is a discipline that spans electrical engineering, computing, mathematics and the physical sciences.
____is a property which refers to the scaling or multiplying by a constant.
Find the inverse z
How many poles does the transfer functionH(z) = z-2 have?
The cut-off frequency of the ideal filter if the normalized passband and stopband frequency is ωp=0.3π and ωs=0.6π, respectively is
In a low pass filter design, the IIR filter that would give the least transition region but with passband ripple is
The transfer function of the LTI causal system given by yNo = xNo + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2) is?
If there are two poles that represent a transfer function, it is expected to have two zeros also.
A property of Z-Transform which involves ashift in the input will have a corresponding shift in the output.
_________ algorithm is used to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform coefficients efficiently
In audio signal processing, a _____acts as the transducer in the system. In communications, an _____converts electromagnetic waves.
It is a phenomenon which occurs when the signal is sampled below the Nyquist rate
Which among the signals is equivalent to u(n-1)?
An 8-bit ADC channel accepts analog input ranging from 5 to 5 volts, determine the number of quantization levels
What is the functional representation of the discrete signal
A train of unit sample sequence which is theoretically infinite is referred to as unit step sequence.
The root/s of the denominator that will make the transfer function equal to 0 making the transfer function undefined is referred to as the
What is the z-transform of the signal
Describe the magnitude response of the 6thorder Butterworth filter as .
What is natural pacemaker of the body?
How many poles and zeros does the transfer function H(z) = z-5 have
In order for us to convert a continuous time signal to discrete time time, _____is performed.
Downsampling in the time-domain is _________ in frequency domain
The Fourier transform of a Rectangular window is?
Interpolation is a method similar to
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