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A course that equips students with essential mathematical and statistical tools for data analysis, and problem-solving in various fields of study and research.
The non-parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the mean of the parent population.
A correlation coefficient that is applied to ranked variables was introduced by Spearman, whilst Pearson and Fisher introduced independently correlation coefficients that measure the strength of the relationship between non-ranked variables.
On the negative side, findings of correlation does not indicate causations i.e. cause and effect relationships.
It is the measurement of average distance between each quantity and mean
The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the ____________________ of the parent population.
Negative correlation exists if one variable decreases when the other increases, i.e. the high numerical values of one variable relate to the low numerical values of the other.
Measures of dispersion aim to provide an accurate description of the entire data
It is difficult to do flexible modelling with non-parametric tests, for example allowing for confounding factors using multiple regression.
The total area under the normal curve is equal to 2.
A skewed distribution is one reason to run a parametric test.
What should Levene's test be in order to use the 'equal variance assumed' row of a t-test?
ANOVA tests in statistics packages are run on parametric data.
Analysis of variance is a statistical method of comparing the ________ of several populations.
It is the average of all the elements of a set
One disadvantage of the mean is that a small number of extreme values can distort its value.
The _________________ must have sufficient size to warrant statistical analysis.
The null hypothesis for all chi-square tests asks whether the observed number of cases in a sample what we expect from knowledge of the population.
Display networks of relationships among variables, enabling researchers to identify the nature of relationships that would otherwise be too complex to conceptualize
Independent and dependent variables always go on the same places in a graph.
After we use the original data to calculate the difference scores for a paired t-test, we no longer need the original data for the paired t-test calculations.
Variance is a square of average distance between each quantity and mean.
What is the result of the calculation?
A two way ANOVA is used to compare two means from two independent (unrelated) groups using the F-distribution.
By default, all variables fall in one of the four scales.
What function is use to compute for the average in Excel?
Which among the data is a sample?
What is the median of the scores of the subject Science?
When conducting a one-way ANOVA, the _______ the between-treatment variability is when compared to the within-treatment variability, the _______ the value of FDATA will be tend to be.
The randomly selected 100 students for a survey is called a population
Use this test to compare differences between two independent groups when dependent variables are either ordinal or continuous.
It has have no order and thus only gives names or labels to various categories.
It assesses whether an association exists between the two variables by comparing the observed pattern of responses in the cells to the pattern that would be expected if the variables were truly independent of each other
Non Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results when the groups have different amounts of variability
Pocedure: By now, you should have completed your table. For excel shortcuts:
What name is given to data which is made up of frequencies?
Visually represent the frequencies with which values of variables occur.
What is a statistical test which is widely used to compare the mean of two groups of samples. It is therefore to evaluate whether the means of the two sets of data are statistically significantly different from each other?
The time invested often requires determination of the appropriate methodology to apply in analysis corresponding to the hypothesis and design of the investigation.
The most popular forms of Chi-Square used in business studies include Pearson product-moment correlation, Spearman Rank correlation and Autocorrelation.
The critical values for t will always be ______________ the critical values for z:
It is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or a probability distribution).
With descriptive statistics you are simply ________________ what is or what the data shows
What is the reason why it is not necessary to create a scatter chart?
Quota sampling has the advantage of being time-and cost-effective to perform whilst resulting in a range of responses (particularly useful in qualitative research).
Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn.
The intent is to determine whether there is enough evidence to "reject" a conjecture or hypothesis about the process. The conjecture is called the ______________________
What is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables?
It is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another.
The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when validating solid arguments or predictions out of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.
Stratified sampling improves the accuracy and representativeness of the results by reducing sampling bias.
Interval scales are exactly like ratio scales, except that they have a true zero point
What is the value of the perfect positive correlation
Percentile is a way to represent position of a values in data set.
Which of the following statistics are important when interpreting an independent samples t-test?
Significance testing is based on which of the following principles?
The only permissible aspect related to numbers in a nominal scale is “counting.”
It is defined as "the statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire distribution."
C3: = B3-$B$9 Copy the formula up to C7. What is purpose of the $?
Statistics help predicts the future course of action of the phenomena.
1: Use this test to estimate the median of a population and compare it to a reference value or target value
The t distribution varies in shape based on:
The population is not confined to people only, but it may also include animals, events, objects, buildings, etc.
These are numerical measurements that arise from a natural numerical scale.
A set cannot have more than one mode.
It is used to understand the nature of relationships between two individual variables.
According to the text, which of the following is not another name for the correlated-groups design?
The t-statistic rests on the underlying assumption that there is the normal distribution of variable and the mean in known or assumed to be known.
In this level of measurement, the observations, in addition to having equal intervals, can have a value of zero as well.
It is used to compare the mean of a population with a theoretical value.
The sum of squares due to the column factor for one way analysis of variance is given by
It is the science of uncertainty.
It is a popular test; it is the test to use when conducting experiments
Which of the following is a measure of degree of association?
The measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode.
It is a measurement where the difference between two values is meaningful.
In ratio scale, variables can be systematically added, subtracted, multiplied and divided.
Statistics are powerful tools, but it's the analysis provided afterwards by inferential statistics that explicitly makes claims about what those results mean, why, and in what context
If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is a systematic change in one variable, there is also a systematic change in the other
Which is classified as Ratio?
It involves the application of specific statistical techniques to disciplines in biology such as population genetics, epidemiology and public health.
It uses a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population
Display the relationship between two quantitative or numeric variables by plotting one variable against the value of another variable
Subgroups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals
It is calculated by changing lagged data with the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
It refers to a family of continuous probability distributions described by the normal equation
Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Gender
The chi-square distribution (also called the chi-squared distribution) is a special case of the beta distribution
When the expected values (E) are obtained by multiplying row totals by column totals
Compute the frequency of all nominal variables using what formula?
Which is not an importance of levels of measurements?
All else being equal, as the subjects in a study become more homogenous, the value of the test statistic increases.
The error deviations within the SSE statistic measure distances:
It is one of the measures of correlation which quantifies the strength as well as the direction of such relationship
It is used when evaluating Tests of Independence under Chi-Square statistic .
Calculate the correlation coefficient using the CORREL function. What is the format of the CORREL function?
It is the most helpful for exploratory stages of studies such as a pilot survey.
We use statistics when the number of cases that can occur are really small.
Qualitative data are variables that cannot be ordered in a logical or natural way.
Descriptive Statistics are used to present _______________ descriptions in a manageable form.
It is also a logical grouping of attributes.
It is the measurement of correlation and ranges (depending on the correlation) between +1 and -1. +1 indicates the strongest positive correlation possible, and -1 indicates the strongest negative correlation possible.
What name is given to data which can be ranked?
It is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables and is denoted by r.
A repeated measures t-test can be used to assess which of the following?
It is the simplest form of analyzing data. "Uni" means "one", so in other words your data has only one variable.
If data in two way classification id displayed in r rows and k columns, then the degrees of freedom for interaction will be…
Non-parametric tests are "distribution-free" and, as such, can be used for non-Normal variables
In ordinal measurement the numerical values just "name" the attribute uniquely.
What is the value of the standard error of the mean?
It is rare to find perfect correlation (+1 or -1).
Nominal provides the least amount of detail, and ratio provide the most amount of detail.
What is the average of scores of the subject Social Science?
We use unplanned comparisons to determine
Which among the set is bimodal?
It is defined as the middle of a distribution in a ranked data
T-test can help you to figure out if you need to reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis.
Parametric test is mainly based on differences in medians
It depends on physically measuring things.
One of the reasons that a correlated-groups design is more powerful than an independent-samples design is that in the correlated-groups design
It can perform well with skewed and non-normal distributions.
Construct a conclusion based on the scale below: What is the interpretation of our computation?
The straight line equation y=b0 + b1x is an example of a linear relationship. This means that the changes in one variable are accompanied by the proportional linear changes in another variable. If you increase one variable by 1 and the other by 0.5, this is a linear change.
A small confidence interval is bad because few values are contained within it.
A bell shaped curve to a scatter graph would suggest what?
In statistics and probability, quartiles are values that divide your data into quarters provided data is sorted in an ascending order.
The two-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and determines whether any of those means are statistically significantly different from each other.
What assumption(s) must be met to conduct an independent-samples t-test?
Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Score in IQ Test
Uses parametric scale
Measures of spread are ways of summarizing a group of data by describing how spread out the scores are
If you have parametric data, you can run a Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare means
The degrees of freedom for k columns of size n will be..
What other solution can you do to compute for the average of the scores?
Which is not a level of measurement in Statistics?
The chi-square test is used when we have ordinal data.
Descriptive statistics are typically distinguished from ____________________________.
It is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way such that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data.
As variability due to chance decreases, the value of F will
Which is an example of interval scale?
It is used to describe the basic features of the data in a study
It a characteristic or feature that varies, or changes within a study
It is the non-parametric alternative test to the independent sample t-test.
All measurements contain some uncertainty and error, and statistical methods help us quantify and characterize this uncertainty.
Stratified sampling is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups
Which of the following findings is not a correlation?
This method is a non probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
Use this test instead of the sign test when you have two independent samples.
The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other.
Any difference among the population means in the analysis of variance will inflate the expected values of
There are four major characteristics of a single variable that we tend to look at
It comes from the Latin nomen, meaning 'name' and nominal data are items which are differentiated by a simple naming system.
Which is another term for dependent variable?
Which of the following would most likely cause the confidence interval to become smaller?
To use a t-test the dependent variable must have
One use of chi-square distribution is Confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation.
We are rarely interested in a significance test alone; we would like to say something about the population from which the samples came, and this is best done with estimates of parameters and confidence intervals.
When the number of units in a population are uncountable, and so it is impossible to observe all the items of the universe
If the independent had more than two levels, then we would use a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
It is used to measure the strength of a linear association between two variables, where the value r = 1 means a perfect positive correlation and the value r = -1 means a perfect negative correlation.
The only difference between the z and single sample t-test are the size of the samples.
The coefficient of determination and the R-squared (R2) are not the same
It provides a mechanism for making quantitative decisions about a process or processes.
T-tests and other significance tests are frequently criticized. Over-representation of statistical significance in research may result in
When the k population means are truly different from each other, it is likely that the average error deviation:
Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Birth Order
One-way ANOVA between groups is used when you want to test two groups to see if there's a difference between them.
A Student's t-test will tell you if there is a significant variation between groups.
Analyze the chart. What is your interpretation of the chart?
By which other name is the chi-square goodness of fit test known?
The number of rows in which total variance in a one way ANOVA partitioned is..
It has an absolute zero.
Which of the following is not a use for r?
The ANOVA structural model (X = + + ) maps sample scores in terms of populations, groups, and individual scores.
The correlation coefficient is sensitive to outlying points therefore the correlation coefficient is resistant.
It is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics
In this correlation the correlation coefficient is not robust due to the fact that strong linear relationships between the variables are not recognized
Comparison is one of the main functions of economics as the absolute figures convey a very less meaning.
Examples of ratio level data include distance and area (e.g., acreage).
This industry use statistical approaches to estimate the number of depositors and their claims for a certain day
Procedure Enter the following formula: D9: =sum(D3:D7) then B12: =D9/(B10-1) What are your expected outputs in this number?
Which of the following is the correct formula for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
Since a term including the standard error is added to and subtracted from the mean, if the standard error is smaller a smaller product will be added to and subtracted from the mean.
It is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted
This method of sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.
The central tendency of the ordinal scale is _______________________________.
In a chi-square test, the "expected" counts are the values we expect if there is an association between the variables.
How does the shape of the t-distribution change as the sample size increases?
Statistical variables do not contain numerical values but rather something __________________________.
It is generally assumed that the ANOVA is an 'analysis of dependencies.'
Mean may be influenced profoundly by the extreme variables called _____________________.
It is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data.
It is commonly used for analyzing experiment results, testing their significance and displaying the results accordingly.
It assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other
It is important to study statistics in order to formulate well-advance predictions.
It is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables
The nominal scale forms the basis for such analyses as the Chi-Square because those analyses require that some category is compared to at least one other category.
The company you are working for wants to improve sales. Past sales data indicate that the average sale was P100 per transaction. After training, recent sales data (taken from a sample of 25 salesmen) indicates an average sale of P130, with a standard deviation of P15. Did the training work? Use alpha level at 5%.
If you have categorical data, you'll want to run a non-parametric ANOVA (usually found under a different heading in the software, like "nonparametric tests").
What must data be in order for a Pearson's product-moment to be conducted?
For an independent t-test, we assume that the populations of individual scores have the same variance.
What is the alternative name for a repeated-measures t-test?
Create a Scatter Chart of the data. Is it necessary to create a scatter chart?
It is a variable that goes on the y-axis, or vertical axis.
It is a method that allows researchers to infer information about a population based on results from a subset of the population, without having to investigate every individual
What is the purpose of a goodness-of-fit test?
Say you want to figure out which brand of microwave popcorn pops the most kernels so you can get the most value for your money. You test different brands of popcorn to see which bag pops the most popcorn kernels. Which among the choices is the independent variable?
By what alternative name is Pearson's Correlation Analysis also known?
With all inferential statistics, we assume the dependent variable fits a normal distribution
It is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population) using information gathered about a small part of that population.
When the number of elements of the population is fixed and thus making it possible to enumerate it in totality.
Analysis should reflect the design, and so a matched design should be followed by a matched analysis.
What is the mean of the scores of the subject Language?
A t-test compares means, while the ANOVA compares variances between populations. You could technically perform a series of t-tests on your data
If the MSE of an ANOVA for six treatment groups is known, you can compute
The gamma distribution describes the square root of a variable distributed according to a chi-square distribution
It means a subgroup of the members of population chosen for participation in the study
This test is used to test for differences between groups with ordinal dependent variables
Parametric statistical procedures are less powerful because they use less information in their calculation.
Members of the population do not have equal chance of being selected.
It refers to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable.
Conducting a single F test in one-way ANOVA protects us from Type II error.
To test equality of means of more than 2 populations which of the following techniques is used?
Non parametric tests are used when your data is normal
If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is _____________ change in one variable, there is systematic change in the other
If your data isn’t normally distributed, you can’t run the Kruskal-Wallis test., but you can run the nonparametric alternative–the ANOVA
Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results with distributions that are skewed and nonnormal
Why must you review the materials produced using statistics?
It provides a visual representation of the data.
What is the shortcut for getting the standard deviation?
What is a number or attribute computed for each member of a population or a sample?
Which is not a level of measurement?
Use this test instead of a one-way ANOVA to find out if two or more medians are different.
Variables are central to any analysis and they do not need to be understood well by the researcher.
Which of the following assumptions of ANOVA can be discarded in case the sample size is large?
Residual plot in regression analysis is used to mean plot of regressors
You want to know whether people in different regions of the country are equally likely to vote Democratic, Republican, Independent, or Libertarian in the next election. You would use a
Distributions cannot be displayed using percentages
Which of the following would not allow you to calculate a correlation?
Use this test to estimate the median of a population and compare it to a reference value or target value
It does not only classify and order the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval.
You carried out an ANOVA on a preliminary sample of data. You then collected additional data from the same groups; the difference being that the sample sizes for each group were increased by a factor of 10, and the within-group variability has decreased substantially. Which of the following statements is NOT correct.
Enter data in A3:B7 the color of 5nips and their total. What are the variables of the activity?
Methods of correlation and regression cannot be used in order to analyze the extent and the nature of relationships between different variables
The t-test family is not based on the t-distribution, because the difference of mean score for two multivariate normal variables approximates the t-distribution.
As the number of observations increases the t-distribution gets to look more like the standard normal distribution.
As the number of observations increases, the t-distribution looks more like the standard normal distribution.
It is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.
The alternative hypothesis for the test is that the two means are equal.
If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, then we do not reject it.
These are the two main branches of statistics
It is a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval scale.
A researcher finds a correlation of .40 between personal income and the number of years of college completed. Based upon this finding he can conclude that…
It is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
Use when you want to find a correlation between two sets of data.
Achievement is classified under what level of measurement?
Identify what branch of statistics focus on the measures of central tendency and dispersion.
When the difference between two population averages is being investigated, a t test is used
Which of the following is an assumption of one-way ANOVA comparing samples from three or more experimental treatments?
It is referred to as such because it is a test to prove an assumed cause and effect relationships
This sampling method is usually employed in studies that are not interested in the parameters of the entire population.
Measures of central location include the range, quartiles and the interquartile range, variance and standard deviation
The number of rows in which total variance in a two way ANOVA partitioned is..
In this level of measurement, the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data.
In this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristic.
7. Now that we have got Excel to calculate the correlation coefficient we need to interpret it to understand its true meaning. The value is always between -1 and +1. What is the value of the perfect negative correlation
It implies the correlation among the values of the same variables but at various times
The F ratio is typically used to test differences between
______________ correlation exists if one variable increases simultaneously with the other, i.e. the high numerical values of one variable relate to the high numerical values of the other.
It is the scientific study of earthquakes.
This test is used to test for differences between groups with ordinal dependent variables.
Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis is an example of what?
Statistics is only the science of uncertainty and not the technology of extracting information from data.
It is a characteristic that varies from one individual member of population to another individual.
It tries to describe the relationship between variables in a sample or population and provides a summary of data in the form of mean, median and mode.
It is a method of statistical evaluation used to study the strength of a relationship between two, numerically measured, continuous variables (e.g. height and weight).
If most points depict a dispersed descending line this would suggest there would be a weak positive relationship
Nominal is hardly measurement. It refers to quantity more than quality.
Enter the following data in you Microsoft Excel. What are the variables in this analysis?
A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean of the data set.
Parametric tests usually have more statistical power than their non-parametric equivalents.
What is the mode of the scores of the subject Mathematics?
These are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known.
If your results say that the p value is < 0.001 what can you conclude?
The Chi Square statistic is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables.
Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship?
The degrees of freedom for a 2 x 2 cross-tabulation table for the chi-square test of independence equal
The more variables, the more complex the study and the more complex the statistical analysis.
Uses non parametric scale
If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, but consistent with the alternative, then we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true.
If the sample means for each of k treatment groups were identical (yes, this is extremely unlikely), what would be the observed value of the ANOVA test statistic?
How many levels of measurements were discussed?
The statistics are presented in a indefinite form so they also help in condensing the data into important figures.
Descriptive statistics are very important because if we simply presented our raw data it would be hard to visualize what the data was showing, especially if there was a lot of it.
Homogeneity of variance is the assumption that:
Assuming that the null hypothesis being tested by ANOVA is false, the probability of obtaining a Fratio that exceeds the value reported in the F table as the 95th percentile is:
Descriptive Statistics is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying and describing data.
It is a nominal level variable that can take only two values (yes/no, male/female, Hungarian/non-Hungarian).
With this test, you also estimate the population median and compare it to a reference/target value.
Which of the following definition defines nominal scale?
Homoscedasticity can be checked using which type of graph?
Negative IQR is fine, if your data is in descending order
Enter the following formula:
Descriptive statistics help us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way.
This method of sampling is often used by market researchers.
Descriptive Statistics can be used to highlight potential relationships between variables.
You obtain a sample chi-square value of X2 = -5.49. On the basis of this value, you know that
It gives the ability to quantify and differentiate between options.
It is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data.
Parametric type of test.
What is the average of scores of the subject Mathematics?
The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the mean of the parent population
If we hold all other factors constant, then as the error term of a t-statistic becomes greater,
Measures of central tendency are ways of describing the central position of a frequency distribution for a group of data.
Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame.
To determine whether the test statistic of ANOVA is statistically significant, it can be compared to a critical value. What two pieces of information are needed to determine the critical value?
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test are calculated as N-1.
It is often based on statements of statistical significance and probability.
The concept of measurement has been developed in conjunction with the concepts of numbers and units of measurement.
It is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information; that is, data identified according to location
The goal is to apply the ______________ to a more general population, assuming the sample size is large enough and the sample representative enough of the broader public.
The greater the value of the F ratio,
Every time you try to describe a large set of observations with a single indicator you run the risk of distorting the original data or losing important detail.
It is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables.
It is the test of association for ranked variables.
If you are using interval or ratio scales you use _________________________________.
Data collection used for a population.
If the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient shows zero value, this definitely means that there is no relationship between the two variables
What is the conventional level of significance typically adopted in psychology?
Correlation analysis as a research method offers a range of advantages
You obtained a significant test statistic when comparing three treatments in a one-way ANOVA. In words, how would you interpret the alternative hypothesis HA?
It varies according to changes in other variables.
It compares the means of two (and only two) groups when the variances are not equal.
A researcher can create a map to represent data relationships visually using this
Which is not classified as Nominal?
It is the process of taking a subset of subjects that is representative of the entire population.
Enter the following fomula: B9: =average(B3:B7) B10: =count(B3:B7) What does this line does? average(B3:B7)
There are commonly two types of ANOVA tests for univariate analysis - One-Way ANOVA and Two-Way ANOVA.
The Jerome Light Bulb Company recently conducted a statistical test to determine whether the number of hours that light bulbs last is normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 20. A sample of 300 light bulbs was divided into 8 groups to form a grouped data frequency distribution. The degrees of freedom for the test will be 299.
A one way ANOVA will tell you that at least two groups were different from each other.
It aims to describe various aspects of the data obtained in the study.
Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for this study?
Correlation analysis can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
Which of the following definition defines interval scale?
What is the formula for Chi-Square Statistics?
Those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn
Statisticians assume a cause effect relationship and say that one or more independent, controlled variables (the factors) cause the significant difference of one or more characteristics
The independent variables are called as predicated variable because independent variables predict or forecast the values of the dependent variable in the model.
Statisticians now believe that if the expected value (E) falls below 5-10 our chi-square test is not valid.
The Chi-Square statistic is most commonly used to evaluate Tests of Independence when using a what?
It arise out of the fact that sampling naturally incurs sampling error and thus a sample is not expected to perfectly represent the population
The mean is sensitive to any change in value, unlike the median and mode, where a change to an extreme or uncommon value usually has no effect.
It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known.
Depending on the statistical test you have chosen, you will calculate a probability of observing your sample results (or more extreme) given that the null hypothesis is true.
Every individual in the population have equal chance of being selected as a subject for the research.
We use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study
What is the null hypothesis in chi-square test?
When reporting a Pearson's product-moment in APA format, you would use x.
Analysis of Variance
If paired scores occupy the same positions within their own distributions (high with high and low with low)
What type of data do you need for a chi-square test?
Example of this are number of episodes of respiratory arrests or the number of re-intubations in an intensive care unit.
This particular type of analysis is useful when a researcher wants to establish if there are possible connectionsbetween variables.
A population can be small or large, as long as it includes all the data you are interested in.
A potential source of confusion in working out what statistics to use in analysing data is whether your data allows for parametric or non-parametric statistics.
The null hypothesis in analysis of variance asks whether
In ANOVA, 2 and 2
Appropriate use of statistical methodology in data analysis means the data should be analyzed in a way that is both scientifically and statistically unreasonable.
The assumptions of this test are that the data from each population is an independent random sample and the population distributions have the same shape.
What is the median of the scores of the subject Language?
It is an accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data.
You cannot use a Pearson's correlation to understand whether there is an association between exam performance and time spent revising
The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when invalidating solid arguments or predictions out of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.
Variables can be defined in terms of measurable factors through a process of _______________________________.
Descriptive statistics therefore enables us to present the data in a more meaningful way, which allows simpler interpretation of the data
Descriptive Statistics simply summaries about the sample and the measures
Scientific research rarely leads to absolute certainty.
The value of statistics is strong because they can serve as predictions as well as probabilities in certain trends.
It involves the examination across cases of one variable at a time.
Which of the following would produce related data?
These are measurements for which there is no natural numerical scale, but which consist of attributes, labels, or other non numerical characteristics.
The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups.
The most complicated distribution would list every value of a variable and the number of persons who had each value
In this, the hypotheses are not about population parameters
It is a measure of where the "middle fifty" is in a data set
What type of data is required for a Pearson's analysis which does not include a dichotomous variable?
There is a subtype in ordinal scale with only two categories like one of the nominal scale and is known as dichotomous ordinal scale.
Compute the average of all variables using what formula?
You find a statistically significant ANOVA. In order to determine which groups are different, you must conduct
Sampling is also done to waste time, money and effort while conducting the research.
If your measurement scale is nominal or
It is a branch of science that deals with the collection, organization, analysis of data and drawing of inferences from the samples to the whole population.
Statistics provide a measure of proof that something is true.
If there is correlation found, depending upon the numerical values measured, this can be either positive or negative.
Parametric tests have no statistical power
A nice thing about the correlated groups design is that it can still be done even if there are an uneven number of observations in the groups.
If I want to compare the performance of a particular group to an established, accepted average but information about the population standard deviation is not available. I should
Which is considered as qualitative data?
Variable that always goes on the x-axis, or the horizontal axis
It is the difference between lowest and highest value.
The value of statistics is strong because they cannot serve as predictions as well as probabilities in certain trends.
It is the most frequently occurring variable in a distribution.
This method is a nonprobability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
It is the event expected to change when the independent variable is manipulated
The advantage of using probability sampling is the _______________ of the statistical methods after the experiment
An ANOVA test is a way to find out if survey or experiment results are significant
It is a software encompasses a broad range of applications which involve the use of a combination of digital maps and geo referenced data.
It is the attempt to apply the conclusions that have been obtained from one experimental study to more general populations.
Which of the following may have an adverse effect on a correlation coefficient?
Confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation.
If we hold all other factors constant, then as the error term of a t-statistic becomes greater
This analysis is appropriate whenever you want to compare the means of two groups, and especially appropriate as the analysis for the posttest-only two-group randomized experimental design.
It gives an indication of how close an individual observation clusters about the mean value
What does the figure shows?
Age is under what level of measurements?
Why, in some cases, is a measure of association needed in addition to a p-value for a statistical test?
An independent t-test can be used to assess which of the following?
The error sum of squares can be obtained from the equation in two way ANOVA
The _______, ___________ and ____________ are the three commonly used measures of central tendency
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was designed just for linear relationships. Technically, if we get a low value, or a zero value, it does not mean that there is no relationship. It just means that there is no linear relationship.
The ______ sum of squares measures the variability of the observed values around their respective treatment means.
Nominal comes from the Latin root ‘name’ meaning nomen.
What is the mode of the scores of the subject Social Science?
Valid for both non-Normally distributed data and Normally distributed data
The advantage of using non probability sampling is the accuracy of the statistical methods after the experiment
Scientific data rarely lead to absolute conclusions.
Although in an interval scale, since there is an absence of the absolute 0 and it works on the principal of an arbitrary 0, the division of variables is not possible.
It is is calculated by taking the ratio of the sample of the two variables to the product of the two standard deviations and illustrates the strength of linear relationships
These are often used to communicate research findings and to support hypotheses and give credibility to research methodology and conclusions.
If all points cluster in an ascending line this would suggest there would be a strong positive relationship
Numbers can be also used to order.
Conducting multiple t-tests increases the likelihood of which of the following?
The main difference between the z and t-tests is that
Sex or Gender is classified under what level of measurement?
The null hypothesis for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test states that the distribution of
What does a Pearson's product-moment allow you to identify?
The null hypothesis of the Chi-Square test is that no relationship exists on the categorical variables in the population
A low standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.
The formula for the Chi-Square is a ratio.
The characteristic of population based on all units is called parameter while the measure of sample observation is called statistic.
This is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
The ________ sum of squares measures the variability of the sample treatment means around the overall mean
The main purpose of an ANOVA is to test if two or more groups differ from each other significantly in one or more characteristics.
In one-way ANOVA, which of the following is used within the F-ratio as a measurement of the variance of individual observations?
What type of relationships does a Pearson's product-moment assess?
The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution.
Non parametric assume that the data is normally distributed
There are two key variables in every experiment: the dependent variable and the independent variable.
The independent variables are called as predicator variable because independent variables predict or forecast the values of the dependent variable in the model.
It is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment.
If the true means of the k populations are equal, then MSTR/MSE should be:
Snowball sampling can be effective when a sampling frame is easy to identify.
Say youre interested in how rising sea temperatures impact algae life, so you design an experiment that measures the number of algae in a sample of water taken from a specific ocean site under varying temperatures. What is the independent variable?
The formula of sample mean is
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