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Delves into the study of different psychological perspective and models that explain the development and dynamics of individual personality traits and behavior.
Carl Jung believed that psychologically healthy people would ______________.
This is the stage where most of the infant's pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth.
The archetype associated with fertility and nourishment.
Lacking self-confidence. This need includes an overvaluation of love and a dread of being alone or deserted.
Adler believed that people strive for superiority
A defense mechanism associated with the reversion to an earlier, more secure pattern of behavior.
The feelings of being finished or helpless.
Personality is rooted in the brain.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviours.
Undervaluing other people's achievements and overvaluing one;s own.
The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is striving for success or superiority.
The belief of an individual that he can do a particular task properly or correctly.
Safeguarding through distance.
According to Adler, _______________ considers behavior as springing from a specific cause.
According to Allport all those behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm and central in their lives.
Which of the following concepts of Erikson is similar to Jung's persona?
"Hope"
According to Adler's theory of creative power in indiviual psychology, each person uses ___________________ and __________________ as the bricks and mortar to build personality, but the architectural design reflects that person's own style.
The most influential source of self - efficacy is performance.
To Maslow, this is when you run away from your best self, and you fear success in the things that you do.
The second source of efficacy. That is the vicarious experiences provided by other people.
It is not a duty or obligation but a natural desire emerging from the conflict between generativity and stagnation or self - absorption.
He used factor analysis to identify a large number of traits, including personality traits.
They dread making mistakes and having personal flaws.
Specific and Incidental
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects on one's daily life.
The basic strength of early childhood.
Lisa has a desire to know things and solve mysteries. She loved understanding her surrounding and is also very curious.
In Kelly's view, psychology healthy people validate their personal constructs against their experiences with the real world.
Self - Actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are. They lack defensiveness, phoniness and self-defeating guilt.
To Carl Rogers, external evaluation is our perception of other people's view of us that do not foster psychological health.
People are not always conscious of their final goal.
This helps us regulate our behavior through the process of cognitive mediation. We are capable not only of reflective self - awareness but also of judging the worth of our actions on the basis of goals we have set for ourselves.
Combined with the needs for prestige and possession.
"Operant Conditioning"
Emphasizes relationships among constructs and states that people are characteristically evolved for their convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.
Motivated by a strong need to exploit others.
Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges reawaken.
They build a world of their own.
Contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty.
Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.
The period of little sexual development but a time of tremendous growth.
The chief of psychosocial accomplishment of young adulthood and exists only in an intimate relationship.
An interrelated and more pertinent assumption. The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
It grows according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence according to Erikson and it does not replace the earlier stage.
According to Adler's family constellation, _________________ is realistically ambitious but dependent to others and wants to excel in everything.
People make choices on the basis of how they anticipate events and those choices between dichotomous alternatives.
According to Allport people not only react to their environment, but they also shape their environment and cause it to react to them. His proactive approach emphasized the idea that people often seek additional tension and that they purposely act on their environment in a way that fosters growth toward psychological health.
Incompatibility of specific elements.
The basic strength of adulthood.
A subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.
The process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”
Serves as the idealistic principle.
Works based on the reality principle.
They believe they are entitled to be first in everything.
Physical Security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger.
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY: According to him/her, the most important important structures are those that permit the description of the person in terms of individual characteristics, and he called these individual characteristics personal dispositions.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events.
"Self - Efficacy"
Culpable behavior is made to seem defensible or even noble.
The conflict of the syntonic and the dystonic elements in Erikson's psychosocial stages.
According to Freud, this part of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition.
A survivor in a competitive society.
"Yes/but" ; "If only"
Strengthens the behavior and it rewards the person.
Taking responsibility for a natural disasters. Questioning the virtue of their own motivations.
It becomes pathological when it blocks one's ability to cooperate, compete or compromise - all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy and love.
Permanent Attachment of the libido to an earlier stage of development.
A response to a similar environment in the absence of previous reinforcement.
People do more and contemplate future behaviors. People not onlu=y make choices but they monitor their progress toward fulfilling those choices.
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment and person's creative power in Individual Psychology.
According to Carl Jung, ego is the center of _____________.
The need to develop, to become more and to achieve growth.
The satisfaction of love needs and the recognition that we have a positive reputation.
Define Self-Efficacy according to Albert Bandura.
Shows a non-possessive warmth and acceptance, not an effusive, effervescent persona.
Disparaging, doubting, discrediting and ridiculing oneself.
Stagnation and pathology.
Is it true that self-actualizing people have a quality of detachment that allows them to be lone without being lonely?
According to Horney, most neurotic conflicts arise during or is influenced by _____________.
Incongruence between the ideal self and the erceived self can result in conflict and unhappiness.
The presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, or the removal of a positive one.
A person of Aesthetic Need is strongly motivated by power and can acquire nearly unlimited power.
According to Skinner, this simply refers to the effects of the deprivation and satiation and to the corresponding probability that the organism will respond.
An individual who is very religious is using this protective device against basic anxiety according to Horney.
According to Alfred Adler, the children in this birth order are the most socially matured.
An unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.
Positive and negative contact with a person.
Combating basic anxiety by trying to be first.
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self - esteem against public disgrace. This enables people to hide their inflated self - image and to maintain their current style of life.
"Gemeinschaftsgefühl"
People are aware of both their self-concept and their ideal self, although awareness need not be accurate.
Based on Carl Rogers' theory, psychologically healthy individuals perceived a little discrepancy between their self - concept and what they ideally would like to be.
From the radical behaviorism, it does not cause the behavior but merely explanatory fictions.
The ability of the therapist to sense the feeling of a client and also to communicate these perceptions so that the client knows that another person has entered into his world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation.
Repression of one impulse and the pretentious expression of its exact opposite.
Conscious: Ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious in a disguised form.
Generalizes Sensuality is the final psychosexual stage.
One has little confidence in themselves and tend to overestimate difficulties connected with life's major problems. They are distrustful of other people and are unable to cooperate for the common welfare.
Sense of having lost one's core role structure.
Contribute to the welfare of society.
Adler believed that _____________ influenced many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly.
The time when people make significant contributions to society.
The destructive instinct.
Monitoring our own performance.
Neurotics attempt to indiscriminately please others.
According to Calr Jung, this is the adaptation to one's inner world.
In Adler's family constellation theory, ______________ are likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety and overprotective tendencies.
The desire to know, to understand, and to be curious.
A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
According to Albert Bandura, this is the essence of humanness.
People constantly need to replenish their food and water supply.
Provide clues to solving future problems.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events. A person anticipates events by constructing their replications.
It changes the frequency of a response or the probability that a response will occur.
The ability to fuse one's identity with that of another person without fear of losing it.
Portions of this may be beyond a person's awareness or simply not owned by that person.
It includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from sexual contact.
This term is used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
Based on Carl Rogers Theory, infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as "I" or "me" experiences.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviors.
Adler saw people as forward moving who are motivated by goals they set for the future.
He insisted that human behavior should be studied scientifically. His scientific behaviorism holds that behavior can best be studied withour reference to needs, instincts, or motives.
A procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations and finally the desired behavior itself.
The need for beauty.
The Studies of Hysteria contains many of Freud's own dreams.
Some people combat basic anxiety by trying to be first, to be important, or attract attention to themselves.
They must defeat other people in order to confirm their superiority.
The desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children and the need to belong.
Two Types of Conditioning.
People have different reservoirs of experiences, they construe the same event in different ways.
Each basic strength has an underlying antipathy that becomes the core of pathology of those stages. Personality always develops during a particular historical period and within a given society.
Similar to the lowers steps on Maslow's hierarchy of needs that includes basic needs.
According to Maslow, this is the desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person.
People are motivated by a strong need to exploit others and to use them for their own benefit.
To the General Discussion of Needs, this leads to the pathology of some sort.
The final psychosocial stage.
We misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self - concept.
The eight stages were characterized by a psychosexual mode as well as a psychosocial crisis.
Psychology of Personal Constructs
According to Horney, thi is the false pride based not on a realistic view of true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self.
The type of conditioning that involves the association of an unconditioned response with neutral stimuli.
The basic assumptions of the person-centered theory of Carl Rogers.
Skinner accounted for _________________ by the contingencies of survival and the contingencies of reinforcement.
People's beliefs and expectations of the future.
The first year of life.
The Basic Strength of Play Age.
Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person's _____________.
The basic strength of old age.
"Social Cognitive Theory"
Two people need not experience the same event or even similar events for their processes to be psychologically similar; they must merely construe their experiences in a similar fashion.
This allows us to evaluate our performances without comparing them to the conduct of others.
According to Skinner, humans not only have consciousness but are also aware of their consciousness; they are not only aware of their environment but are also aware of themselves as part of their environment.
This is the reinforcement schedule associated with the presentation of rewards during changing, inconsistent intervals of time.
Apprehension about an unknown danger and stems from the ego's relation with the id.
The two cornerstones of Freud's theory.
Product of interaction of heredity environment and person's creative power.
According to Individual Psychology, this is where one may appear to be interested in others, their basic motivation is personal benefit.
To the extent that people accurately construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a social process involving those other people.
For both genders, suppression of masturbation is the principle source of frustration.
People behave in a detached manner. A strategy of expression of needs for privacy, independence, and self - sufficiency.
Neither the id nor the superego is in contact with reality.
According to Allport, these are general characteristics held in common by many people. They can be inferred from factor analysis studies such as those conducted by Eysenck.
For girls, the castration complex in the form of penis envy.
Self - actualizing people maintain their feelings of self - esteem even when scorned, rejected and dismissed by other people.
The idea that personality is mostly shaped during the first years of childhood is a/an _____________ notion.
According to Individual Psychology, this is a person's belief and expectations of the future. Example: A belief in an omnipotent God who rewards good and punishes evil.
"Self torture"
In interpersonal relationships, not only do people observe the behavior of the other person, but they also interpret what that behavior means to that person.
Under Operant Conditioning, it does not cause the behavior, but it increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.
A person's construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events.
Theory is the individual's reference point.
Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness.
This is the term used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
Governed by the reality principle.
Horney would argue that properly raising children involves ______________ to ensure healthy development.
When people have primarily satisfied their physiological needs, they become motivated by__.
The most basic needs.
The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie.
The internal factors in self - regulation include self - observation, judgmental processes, and __________________.
A period of social latency.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects in one's daily life.
The protection of the self - concept against anxiety and threat bu the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.
Self - fulfillment, the realization of one's own potential.
Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
This refers to a neurotic need to protect oneself against feelings of helplessness.
The third characteristic of science according to B.F. Skinner.
Reality Principle
"Psychology of the Individual"
According to Erik Erikson, this is the center of our personality
Receiving and accepting what is given.
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