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Delves into the study of different psychological perspective and models that explain the development and dynamics of individual personality traits and behavior.
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment and person's creative power in Individual Psychology.
Positive and negative contact with a person.
According to Skinner, humans not only have consciousness but are also aware of their consciousness; they are not only aware of their environment but are also aware of themselves as part of their environment.
Undervaluing other people's achievements and overvaluing one;s own.
Provide clues to solving future problems.
Shows a non-possessive warmth and acceptance, not an effusive, effervescent persona.
According to Individual Psychology, this is where one may appear to be interested in others, their basic motivation is personal benefit.
Lisa has a desire to know things and solve mysteries. She loved understanding her surrounding and is also very curious.
"Self torture"
This refers to a neurotic need to protect oneself against feelings of helplessness.
Strengthens the behavior and it rewards the person.
This term is used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
The need for beauty.
Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges reawaken.
This helps us regulate our behavior through the process of cognitive mediation. We are capable not only of reflective self - awareness but also of judging the worth of our actions on the basis of goals we have set for ourselves.
A person of Aesthetic Need is strongly motivated by power and can acquire nearly unlimited power.
Combined with the needs for prestige and possession.
The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is striving for success or superiority.
The archetype associated with fertility and nourishment.
Adler saw people as forward moving who are motivated by goals they set for the future.
The Studies of Hysteria contains many of Freud's own dreams.
According to Freud, this part of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition.
Contribute to the welfare of society.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects on one's daily life.
Neurotics attempt to indiscriminately please others.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects in one's daily life.
The type of conditioning that involves the association of an unconditioned response with neutral stimuli.
A period of social latency.
Is it true that self-actualizing people have a quality of detachment that allows them to be lone without being lonely?
Taking responsibility for a natural disasters. Questioning the virtue of their own motivations.
The time when people make significant contributions to society.
Horney would argue that properly raising children involves ______________ to ensure healthy development.
"Yes/but" ; "If only"
To the extent that people accurately construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a social process involving those other people.
Which of the following concepts of Erikson is similar to Jung's persona?
Theory is the individual's reference point.
The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie.
Personality is rooted in the brain.
Under Operant Conditioning, it does not cause the behavior, but it increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.
We misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self - concept.
According to Calr Jung, this is the adaptation to one's inner world.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviours.
Permanent Attachment of the libido to an earlier stage of development.
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY: According to him/her, the most important important structures are those that permit the description of the person in terms of individual characteristics, and he called these individual characteristics personal dispositions.
Safeguarding through distance.
The basic strength of early childhood.
Emphasizes relationships among constructs and states that people are characteristically evolved for their convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.
To Carl Rogers, external evaluation is our perception of other people's view of us that do not foster psychological health.
According to Adler's family constellation, _________________ is realistically ambitious but dependent to others and wants to excel in everything.
He used factor analysis to identify a large number of traits, including personality traits.
"Gemeinschaftsgefühl"
From the radical behaviorism, it does not cause the behavior but merely explanatory fictions.
Carl Jung believed that psychologically healthy people would ______________.
The satisfaction of love needs and the recognition that we have a positive reputation.
"Social Cognitive Theory"
Motivated by a strong need to exploit others.
The feelings of being finished or helpless.
The ability to fuse one's identity with that of another person without fear of losing it.
To Maslow, this is when you run away from your best self, and you fear success in the things that you do.
Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.
People's beliefs and expectations of the future.
People are not always conscious of their final goal.
According to Adler's theory of creative power in indiviual psychology, each person uses ___________________ and __________________ as the bricks and mortar to build personality, but the architectural design reflects that person's own style.
It becomes pathological when it blocks one's ability to cooperate, compete or compromise - all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy and love.
According to Albert Bandura, this is the essence of humanness.
A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
Combating basic anxiety by trying to be first.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviors.
The basic strength of old age.
According to Carl Jung, ego is the center of _____________.
For both genders, suppression of masturbation is the principle source of frustration.
The basic assumptions of the person-centered theory of Carl Rogers.
Incompatibility of specific elements.
A subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.
Each basic strength has an underlying antipathy that becomes the core of pathology of those stages. Personality always develops during a particular historical period and within a given society.
People are aware of both their self-concept and their ideal self, although awareness need not be accurate.
A person's construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events.
Contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty.
Based on Carl Rogers Theory, infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as "I" or "me" experiences.
The conflict of the syntonic and the dystonic elements in Erikson's psychosocial stages.
The period of little sexual development but a time of tremendous growth.
For girls, the castration complex in the form of penis envy.
The protection of the self - concept against anxiety and threat bu the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.
Similar to the lowers steps on Maslow's hierarchy of needs that includes basic needs.
People behave in a detached manner. A strategy of expression of needs for privacy, independence, and self - sufficiency.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events. A person anticipates events by constructing their replications.
Skinner accounted for _________________ by the contingencies of survival and the contingencies of reinforcement.
People have different reservoirs of experiences, they construe the same event in different ways.
Physical Security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger.
Adler believed that people strive for superiority
Two people need not experience the same event or even similar events for their processes to be psychologically similar; they must merely construe their experiences in a similar fashion.
An individual who is very religious is using this protective device against basic anxiety according to Horney.
Repression of one impulse and the pretentious expression of its exact opposite.
Product of interaction of heredity environment and person's creative power.
This is the reinforcement schedule associated with the presentation of rewards during changing, inconsistent intervals of time.
According to Horney, most neurotic conflicts arise during or is influenced by _____________.
The need to develop, to become more and to achieve growth.
To the General Discussion of Needs, this leads to the pathology of some sort.
The eight stages were characterized by a psychosexual mode as well as a psychosocial crisis.
Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
"Self - Efficacy"
Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person's _____________.
The process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”
Serves as the idealistic principle.
Sense of having lost one's core role structure.
One has little confidence in themselves and tend to overestimate difficulties connected with life's major problems. They are distrustful of other people and are unable to cooperate for the common welfare.
The presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, or the removal of a positive one.
A survivor in a competitive society.
According to Individual Psychology, this is a person's belief and expectations of the future. Example: A belief in an omnipotent God who rewards good and punishes evil.
Stagnation and pathology.
Lacking self-confidence. This need includes an overvaluation of love and a dread of being alone or deserted.
This is the stage where most of the infant's pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth.
It is not a duty or obligation but a natural desire emerging from the conflict between generativity and stagnation or self - absorption.
According to Adler, _______________ considers behavior as springing from a specific cause.
Based on Carl Rogers' theory, psychologically healthy individuals perceived a little discrepancy between their self - concept and what they ideally would like to be.
The first year of life.
The basic strength of adulthood.
People constantly need to replenish their food and water supply.
Portions of this may be beyond a person's awareness or simply not owned by that person.
According to Horney, thi is the false pride based not on a realistic view of true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self.
Receiving and accepting what is given.
The desire to know, to understand, and to be curious.
He insisted that human behavior should be studied scientifically. His scientific behaviorism holds that behavior can best be studied withour reference to needs, instincts, or motives.
When people have primarily satisfied their physiological needs, they become motivated by__.
The final psychosocial stage.
Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness.
People do more and contemplate future behaviors. People not onlu=y make choices but they monitor their progress toward fulfilling those choices.
In Adler's family constellation theory, ______________ are likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety and overprotective tendencies.
According to Allport all those behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm and central in their lives.
Works based on the reality principle.
Define Self-Efficacy according to Albert Bandura.
Self - actualizing people maintain their feelings of self - esteem even when scorned, rejected and dismissed by other people.
Psychology of Personal Constructs
They must defeat other people in order to confirm their superiority.
It includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from sexual contact.
Self - fulfillment, the realization of one's own potential.
A defense mechanism associated with the reversion to an earlier, more secure pattern of behavior.
The idea that personality is mostly shaped during the first years of childhood is a/an _____________ notion.
The most influential source of self - efficacy is performance.
"Psychology of the Individual"
In Kelly's view, psychology healthy people validate their personal constructs against their experiences with the real world.
The Basic Strength of Play Age.
The chief of psychosocial accomplishment of young adulthood and exists only in an intimate relationship.
People make choices on the basis of how they anticipate events and those choices between dichotomous alternatives.
According to Allport people not only react to their environment, but they also shape their environment and cause it to react to them. His proactive approach emphasized the idea that people often seek additional tension and that they purposely act on their environment in a way that fosters growth toward psychological health.
Some people combat basic anxiety by trying to be first, to be important, or attract attention to themselves.
According to Allport, these are general characteristics held in common by many people. They can be inferred from factor analysis studies such as those conducted by Eysenck.
According to Alfred Adler, the children in this birth order are the most socially matured.
The internal factors in self - regulation include self - observation, judgmental processes, and __________________.
Apprehension about an unknown danger and stems from the ego's relation with the id.
The belief of an individual that he can do a particular task properly or correctly.
In interpersonal relationships, not only do people observe the behavior of the other person, but they also interpret what that behavior means to that person.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events.
People are motivated by a strong need to exploit others and to use them for their own benefit.
An unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.
It changes the frequency of a response or the probability that a response will occur.
They build a world of their own.
The ability of the therapist to sense the feeling of a client and also to communicate these perceptions so that the client knows that another person has entered into his world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation.
Governed by the reality principle.
The most basic needs.
"Hope"
Neither the id nor the superego is in contact with reality.
Conscious: Ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious in a disguised form.
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self - esteem against public disgrace. This enables people to hide their inflated self - image and to maintain their current style of life.
Incongruence between the ideal self and the erceived self can result in conflict and unhappiness.
They believe they are entitled to be first in everything.
An interrelated and more pertinent assumption. The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
Reality Principle
The two cornerstones of Freud's theory.
They dread making mistakes and having personal flaws.
Monitoring our own performance.
The destructive instinct.
Generalizes Sensuality is the final psychosexual stage.
This is the term used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
The third characteristic of science according to B.F. Skinner.
The desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children and the need to belong.
"Operant Conditioning"
A procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations and finally the desired behavior itself.
Culpable behavior is made to seem defensible or even noble.
It grows according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence according to Erikson and it does not replace the earlier stage.
According to Maslow, this is the desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person.
Two Types of Conditioning.
Adler believed that _____________ influenced many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly.
The second source of efficacy. That is the vicarious experiences provided by other people.
A response to a similar environment in the absence of previous reinforcement.
This allows us to evaluate our performances without comparing them to the conduct of others.
According to Erik Erikson, this is the center of our personality
Disparaging, doubting, discrediting and ridiculing oneself.
Self - Actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are. They lack defensiveness, phoniness and self-defeating guilt.
Specific and Incidental
According to Skinner, this simply refers to the effects of the deprivation and satiation and to the corresponding probability that the organism will respond.
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