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Delves into the study of different psychological perspective and models that explain the development and dynamics of individual personality traits and behavior.
The Basic Strength of Play Age.
An individual who is very religious is using this protective device against basic anxiety according to Horney.
The ability of the therapist to sense the feeling of a client and also to communicate these perceptions so that the client knows that another person has entered into his world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation.
Carl Jung believed that psychologically healthy people would ______________.
This helps us regulate our behavior through the process of cognitive mediation. We are capable not only of reflective self - awareness but also of judging the worth of our actions on the basis of goals we have set for ourselves.
Incongruence between the ideal self and the erceived self can result in conflict and unhappiness.
It becomes pathological when it blocks one's ability to cooperate, compete or compromise - all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy and love.
Incompatibility of specific elements.
The process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”
Specific and Incidental
Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness.
Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.
The first year of life.
People's beliefs and expectations of the future.
We misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self - concept.
Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person's _____________.
Physical Security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger.
The feelings of being finished or helpless.
In Adler's family constellation theory, ______________ are likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety and overprotective tendencies.
Portions of this may be beyond a person's awareness or simply not owned by that person.
The desire to know, to understand, and to be curious.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events. A person anticipates events by constructing their replications.
The eight stages were characterized by a psychosexual mode as well as a psychosocial crisis.
Undervaluing other people's achievements and overvaluing one;s own.
This refers to a neurotic need to protect oneself against feelings of helplessness.
The idea that personality is mostly shaped during the first years of childhood is a/an _____________ notion.
A subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.
Neither the id nor the superego is in contact with reality.
Self - actualizing people maintain their feelings of self - esteem even when scorned, rejected and dismissed by other people.
Culpable behavior is made to seem defensible or even noble.
According to Allport, these are general characteristics held in common by many people. They can be inferred from factor analysis studies such as those conducted by Eysenck.
Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges reawaken.
Similar to the lowers steps on Maslow's hierarchy of needs that includes basic needs.
Psychology of Personal Constructs
Some people combat basic anxiety by trying to be first, to be important, or attract attention to themselves.
According to Erik Erikson, this is the center of our personality
A response to a similar environment in the absence of previous reinforcement.
Disparaging, doubting, discrediting and ridiculing oneself.
Based on Carl Rogers' theory, psychologically healthy individuals perceived a little discrepancy between their self - concept and what they ideally would like to be.
Contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty.
They dread making mistakes and having personal flaws.
According to Horney, most neurotic conflicts arise during or is influenced by _____________.
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self - esteem against public disgrace. This enables people to hide their inflated self - image and to maintain their current style of life.
Adler believed that _____________ influenced many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly.
From the radical behaviorism, it does not cause the behavior but merely explanatory fictions.
According to Adler, _______________ considers behavior as springing from a specific cause.
Conscious: Ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious in a disguised form.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects in one's daily life.
This is the stage where most of the infant's pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth.
Apprehension about an unknown danger and stems from the ego's relation with the id.
A survivor in a competitive society.
According to Individual Psychology, this is where one may appear to be interested in others, their basic motivation is personal benefit.
Each basic strength has an underlying antipathy that becomes the core of pathology of those stages. Personality always develops during a particular historical period and within a given society.
The Studies of Hysteria contains many of Freud's own dreams.
A person's construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events.
Shows a non-possessive warmth and acceptance, not an effusive, effervescent persona.
Two Types of Conditioning.
Works based on the reality principle.
The final psychosocial stage.
According to Alfred Adler, the children in this birth order are the most socially matured.
Motivated by a strong need to exploit others.
For girls, the castration complex in the form of penis envy.
To Maslow, this is when you run away from your best self, and you fear success in the things that you do.
To Carl Rogers, external evaluation is our perception of other people's view of us that do not foster psychological health.
The chief of psychosocial accomplishment of young adulthood and exists only in an intimate relationship.
Theory is the individual's reference point.
Adler believed that people strive for superiority
The most basic needs.
Stagnation and pathology.
The presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, or the removal of a positive one.
Under Operant Conditioning, it does not cause the behavior, but it increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.
According to Freud, this part of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition.
Sense of having lost one's core role structure.
According to Allport all those behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm and central in their lives.
Generalizes Sensuality is the final psychosexual stage.
An interrelated and more pertinent assumption. The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
This allows us to evaluate our performances without comparing them to the conduct of others.
"Operant Conditioning"
Repression of one impulse and the pretentious expression of its exact opposite.
The basic assumptions of the person-centered theory of Carl Rogers.
Horney would argue that properly raising children involves ______________ to ensure healthy development.
The basic strength of adulthood.
Product of interaction of heredity environment and person's creative power.
This is the term used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
It changes the frequency of a response or the probability that a response will occur.
According to Albert Bandura, this is the essence of humanness.
The basic strength of early childhood.
According to Allport people not only react to their environment, but they also shape their environment and cause it to react to them. His proactive approach emphasized the idea that people often seek additional tension and that they purposely act on their environment in a way that fosters growth toward psychological health.
According to Skinner, this simply refers to the effects of the deprivation and satiation and to the corresponding probability that the organism will respond.
Governed by the reality principle.
Combined with the needs for prestige and possession.
Two people need not experience the same event or even similar events for their processes to be psychologically similar; they must merely construe their experiences in a similar fashion.
To the extent that people accurately construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a social process involving those other people.
"Gemeinschaftsgefühl"
Provide clues to solving future problems.
The two cornerstones of Freud's theory.
Self - Actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are. They lack defensiveness, phoniness and self-defeating guilt.
Combating basic anxiety by trying to be first.
In Kelly's view, psychology healthy people validate their personal constructs against their experiences with the real world.
The basic strength of old age.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects on one's daily life.
It grows according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence according to Erikson and it does not replace the earlier stage.
Emphasizes relationships among constructs and states that people are characteristically evolved for their convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.
According to Maslow, this is the desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person.
Based on Carl Rogers Theory, infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as "I" or "me" experiences.
People are not always conscious of their final goal.
People make choices on the basis of how they anticipate events and those choices between dichotomous alternatives.
Personality is rooted in the brain.
Positive and negative contact with a person.
A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
Is it true that self-actualizing people have a quality of detachment that allows them to be lone without being lonely?
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviors.
The time when people make significant contributions to society.
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY: According to him/her, the most important important structures are those that permit the description of the person in terms of individual characteristics, and he called these individual characteristics personal dispositions.
According to Adler's family constellation, _________________ is realistically ambitious but dependent to others and wants to excel in everything.
People constantly need to replenish their food and water supply.
Lisa has a desire to know things and solve mysteries. She loved understanding her surrounding and is also very curious.
The satisfaction of love needs and the recognition that we have a positive reputation.
The desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children and the need to belong.
The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is striving for success or superiority.
The belief of an individual that he can do a particular task properly or correctly.
"Self torture"
The period of little sexual development but a time of tremendous growth.
The need for beauty.
The type of conditioning that involves the association of an unconditioned response with neutral stimuli.
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment and person's creative power in Individual Psychology.
Serves as the idealistic principle.
People are motivated by a strong need to exploit others and to use them for their own benefit.
This is the reinforcement schedule associated with the presentation of rewards during changing, inconsistent intervals of time.
Define Self-Efficacy according to Albert Bandura.
When people have primarily satisfied their physiological needs, they become motivated by__.
He used factor analysis to identify a large number of traits, including personality traits.
"Social Cognitive Theory"
According to Individual Psychology, this is a person's belief and expectations of the future. Example: A belief in an omnipotent God who rewards good and punishes evil.
According to Carl Jung, ego is the center of _____________.
A period of social latency.
Receiving and accepting what is given.
Strengthens the behavior and it rewards the person.
According to Adler's theory of creative power in indiviual psychology, each person uses ___________________ and __________________ as the bricks and mortar to build personality, but the architectural design reflects that person's own style.
People have different reservoirs of experiences, they construe the same event in different ways.
Which of the following concepts of Erikson is similar to Jung's persona?
"Hope"
According to Horney, thi is the false pride based not on a realistic view of true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self.
Skinner accounted for _________________ by the contingencies of survival and the contingencies of reinforcement.
The need to develop, to become more and to achieve growth.
This term is used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
It includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from sexual contact.
"Yes/but" ; "If only"
Monitoring our own performance.
"Self - Efficacy"
For both genders, suppression of masturbation is the principle source of frustration.
Contribute to the welfare of society.
Permanent Attachment of the libido to an earlier stage of development.
They must defeat other people in order to confirm their superiority.
Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
A procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations and finally the desired behavior itself.
People are aware of both their self-concept and their ideal self, although awareness need not be accurate.
To the General Discussion of Needs, this leads to the pathology of some sort.
According to Calr Jung, this is the adaptation to one's inner world.
In interpersonal relationships, not only do people observe the behavior of the other person, but they also interpret what that behavior means to that person.
People behave in a detached manner. A strategy of expression of needs for privacy, independence, and self - sufficiency.
They build a world of their own.
Safeguarding through distance.
The destructive instinct.
The ability to fuse one's identity with that of another person without fear of losing it.
The conflict of the syntonic and the dystonic elements in Erikson's psychosocial stages.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviours.
The archetype associated with fertility and nourishment.
Neurotics attempt to indiscriminately please others.
He insisted that human behavior should be studied scientifically. His scientific behaviorism holds that behavior can best be studied withour reference to needs, instincts, or motives.
An unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.
"Psychology of the Individual"
Self - fulfillment, the realization of one's own potential.
The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie.
Adler saw people as forward moving who are motivated by goals they set for the future.
The second source of efficacy. That is the vicarious experiences provided by other people.
The protection of the self - concept against anxiety and threat bu the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.
Reality Principle
It is not a duty or obligation but a natural desire emerging from the conflict between generativity and stagnation or self - absorption.
A defense mechanism associated with the reversion to an earlier, more secure pattern of behavior.
People do more and contemplate future behaviors. People not onlu=y make choices but they monitor their progress toward fulfilling those choices.
They believe they are entitled to be first in everything.
A person of Aesthetic Need is strongly motivated by power and can acquire nearly unlimited power.
The internal factors in self - regulation include self - observation, judgmental processes, and __________________.
The most influential source of self - efficacy is performance.
The third characteristic of science according to B.F. Skinner.
One has little confidence in themselves and tend to overestimate difficulties connected with life's major problems. They are distrustful of other people and are unable to cooperate for the common welfare.
Taking responsibility for a natural disasters. Questioning the virtue of their own motivations.
According to Skinner, humans not only have consciousness but are also aware of their consciousness; they are not only aware of their environment but are also aware of themselves as part of their environment.
Lacking self-confidence. This need includes an overvaluation of love and a dread of being alone or deserted.
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