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Delves into the study of different psychological perspective and models that explain the development and dynamics of individual personality traits and behavior.
Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
According to Allport, these are general characteristics held in common by many people. They can be inferred from factor analysis studies such as those conducted by Eysenck.
Serves as the idealistic principle.
Define Self-Efficacy according to Albert Bandura.
It is not a duty or obligation but a natural desire emerging from the conflict between generativity and stagnation or self - absorption.
The basic strength of adulthood.
Adler believed that _____________ influenced many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly.
In Adler's family constellation theory, ______________ are likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety and overprotective tendencies.
This is the term used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
A response to a similar environment in the absence of previous reinforcement.
The type of conditioning that involves the association of an unconditioned response with neutral stimuli.
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY: According to him/her, the most important important structures are those that permit the description of the person in terms of individual characteristics, and he called these individual characteristics personal dispositions.
The Studies of Hysteria contains many of Freud's own dreams.
The final psychosocial stage.
The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie.
A person's construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events.
The most influential source of self - efficacy is performance.
Strengthens the behavior and it rewards the person.
Disparaging, doubting, discrediting and ridiculing oneself.
Stagnation and pathology.
The basic strength of early childhood.
Skinner accounted for _________________ by the contingencies of survival and the contingencies of reinforcement.
Based on Carl Rogers Theory, infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as "I" or "me" experiences.
To the General Discussion of Needs, this leads to the pathology of some sort.
The conflict of the syntonic and the dystonic elements in Erikson's psychosocial stages.
It includes assuming responsibility for the care of offspring that result from sexual contact.
One has little confidence in themselves and tend to overestimate difficulties connected with life's major problems. They are distrustful of other people and are unable to cooperate for the common welfare.
Specific and Incidental
The one dynamic force behind people's behavior is striving for success or superiority.
To Carl Rogers, external evaluation is our perception of other people's view of us that do not foster psychological health.
From the radical behaviorism, it does not cause the behavior but merely explanatory fictions.
Theory is the individual's reference point.
Combating basic anxiety by trying to be first.
The ability to fuse one's identity with that of another person without fear of losing it.
Combined with the needs for prestige and possession.
The protection of the self - concept against anxiety and threat bu the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.
Lacking self-confidence. This need includes an overvaluation of love and a dread of being alone or deserted.
People have different reservoirs of experiences, they construe the same event in different ways.
Apprehension about an unknown danger and stems from the ego's relation with the id.
Under Operant Conditioning, it does not cause the behavior, but it increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.
Carl Jung believed that psychologically healthy people would ______________.
Works based on the reality principle.
People behave in a detached manner. A strategy of expression of needs for privacy, independence, and self - sufficiency.
Repression of one impulse and the pretentious expression of its exact opposite.
A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior.
To the extent that people accurately construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a social process involving those other people.
Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges reawaken.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects on one's daily life.
According to Freud, this part of our unconscious originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition.
Motivated by a strong need to exploit others.
Each basic strength has an underlying antipathy that becomes the core of pathology of those stages. Personality always develops during a particular historical period and within a given society.
According to Skinner, this simply refers to the effects of the deprivation and satiation and to the corresponding probability that the organism will respond.
People make choices on the basis of how they anticipate events and those choices between dichotomous alternatives.
Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person's _____________.
Safeguarding through distance.
A defense mechanism associated with the reversion to an earlier, more secure pattern of behavior.
For girls, the castration complex in the form of penis envy.
According to Erik Erikson, this is the center of our personality
For both genders, suppression of masturbation is the principle source of frustration.
According to Allport people not only react to their environment, but they also shape their environment and cause it to react to them. His proactive approach emphasized the idea that people often seek additional tension and that they purposely act on their environment in a way that fosters growth toward psychological health.
The need for beauty.
Product of interaction of heredity environment and person's creative power.
Contribute to the welfare of society.
The eight stages were characterized by a psychosexual mode as well as a psychosocial crisis.
Self - fulfillment, the realization of one's own potential.
When people have primarily satisfied their physiological needs, they become motivated by__.
They must defeat other people in order to confirm their superiority.
The belief of an individual that he can do a particular task properly or correctly.
"Yes/but" ; "If only"
Some people combat basic anxiety by trying to be first, to be important, or attract attention to themselves.
According to Adler, _______________ considers behavior as springing from a specific cause.
According to Calr Jung, this is the adaptation to one's inner world.
To Maslow, this is when you run away from your best self, and you fear success in the things that you do.
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self - esteem against public disgrace. This enables people to hide their inflated self - image and to maintain their current style of life.
An individual who is very religious is using this protective device against basic anxiety according to Horney.
He insisted that human behavior should be studied scientifically. His scientific behaviorism holds that behavior can best be studied withour reference to needs, instincts, or motives.
The period of little sexual development but a time of tremendous growth.
The feelings of being finished or helpless.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviors.
"Operant Conditioning"
The Basic Strength of Play Age.
This helps us regulate our behavior through the process of cognitive mediation. We are capable not only of reflective self - awareness but also of judging the worth of our actions on the basis of goals we have set for ourselves.
According to Skinner, humans not only have consciousness but are also aware of their consciousness; they are not only aware of their environment but are also aware of themselves as part of their environment.
According to Adler's family constellation, _________________ is realistically ambitious but dependent to others and wants to excel in everything.
It consists of drives and instincts that are beyond awareness, yet they motivate many of our behaviours.
It changes the frequency of a response or the probability that a response will occur.
The first year of life.
A procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations and finally the desired behavior itself.
This allows us to evaluate our performances without comparing them to the conduct of others.
Based on Carl Rogers' theory, psychologically healthy individuals perceived a little discrepancy between their self - concept and what they ideally would like to be.
Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.
Horney would argue that properly raising children involves ______________ to ensure healthy development.
Self - actualizing people maintain their feelings of self - esteem even when scorned, rejected and dismissed by other people.
People are not always conscious of their final goal.
"Gemeinschaftsgefühl"
According to Maslow, this is the desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person.
Culpable behavior is made to seem defensible or even noble.
In Kelly's view, psychology healthy people validate their personal constructs against their experiences with the real world.
The basic assumptions of the person-centered theory of Carl Rogers.
The basic strength of old age.
Contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty.
Personality is rooted in the brain.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events.
The second source of efficacy. That is the vicarious experiences provided by other people.
Provide clues to solving future problems.
The chief of psychosocial accomplishment of young adulthood and exists only in an intimate relationship.
Fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have severely debilitating effects in one's daily life.
The archetype associated with fertility and nourishment.
People constantly need to replenish their food and water supply.
Permanent Attachment of the libido to an earlier stage of development.
An unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.
Self - Actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are. They lack defensiveness, phoniness and self-defeating guilt.
Incongruence between the ideal self and the erceived self can result in conflict and unhappiness.
The satisfaction of love needs and the recognition that we have a positive reputation.
The ability of the therapist to sense the feeling of a client and also to communicate these perceptions so that the client knows that another person has entered into his world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation.
It becomes pathological when it blocks one's ability to cooperate, compete or compromise - all prerequisite ingredients for intimacy and love.
This refers to a neurotic need to protect oneself against feelings of helplessness.
Is it true that self-actualizing people have a quality of detachment that allows them to be lone without being lonely?
The two cornerstones of Freud's theory.
Conscious: Ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious in a disguised form.
The desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children and the need to belong.
Incompatibility of specific elements.
He used factor analysis to identify a large number of traits, including personality traits.
Taking responsibility for a natural disasters. Questioning the virtue of their own motivations.
People are forward-looking; their behavior is forged by their anticipation of future events. A person anticipates events by constructing their replications.
Generalizes Sensuality is the final psychosexual stage.
The process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.”
According to Individual Psychology, this is where one may appear to be interested in others, their basic motivation is personal benefit.
People do more and contemplate future behaviors. People not onlu=y make choices but they monitor their progress toward fulfilling those choices.
The desire to know, to understand, and to be curious.
Reality Principle
Sense of having lost one's core role structure.
According to Adler's theory of creative power in indiviual psychology, each person uses ___________________ and __________________ as the bricks and mortar to build personality, but the architectural design reflects that person's own style.
According to Carl Jung, ego is the center of _____________.
"Psychology of the Individual"
They believe they are entitled to be first in everything.
The destructive instinct.
According to Individual Psychology, this is a person's belief and expectations of the future. Example: A belief in an omnipotent God who rewards good and punishes evil.
Product of the interaction of heredity, environment and person's creative power in Individual Psychology.
Adler saw people as forward moving who are motivated by goals they set for the future.
Two people need not experience the same event or even similar events for their processes to be psychologically similar; they must merely construe their experiences in a similar fashion.
Positive and negative contact with a person.
A person of Aesthetic Need is strongly motivated by power and can acquire nearly unlimited power.
Physical Security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger.
The presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, or the removal of a positive one.
According to Albert Bandura, this is the essence of humanness.
The third characteristic of science according to B.F. Skinner.
People's beliefs and expectations of the future.
Neurotics attempt to indiscriminately please others.
Portions of this may be beyond a person's awareness or simply not owned by that person.
"Self torture"
They build a world of their own.
"Self - Efficacy"
The internal factors in self - regulation include self - observation, judgmental processes, and __________________.
This term is used to indicate the ability of a theory to be confirmed or disconfirmed.
It grows according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence according to Erikson and it does not replace the earlier stage.
Which of the following concepts of Erikson is similar to Jung's persona?
A period of social latency.
Adler believed that people strive for superiority
Neither the id nor the superego is in contact with reality.
Psychology of Personal Constructs
Emphasizes relationships among constructs and states that people are characteristically evolved for their convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.
Receiving and accepting what is given.
We misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self - concept.
This is the reinforcement schedule associated with the presentation of rewards during changing, inconsistent intervals of time.
A survivor in a competitive society.
People are aware of both their self-concept and their ideal self, although awareness need not be accurate.
Similar to the lowers steps on Maslow's hierarchy of needs that includes basic needs.
An interrelated and more pertinent assumption. The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness.
Undervaluing other people's achievements and overvaluing one;s own.
The time when people make significant contributions to society.
They dread making mistakes and having personal flaws.
Two Types of Conditioning.
A subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.
In interpersonal relationships, not only do people observe the behavior of the other person, but they also interpret what that behavior means to that person.
According to Allport all those behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm and central in their lives.
According to Alfred Adler, the children in this birth order are the most socially matured.
People are motivated by a strong need to exploit others and to use them for their own benefit.
"Social Cognitive Theory"
This is the stage where most of the infant's pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth.
The idea that personality is mostly shaped during the first years of childhood is a/an _____________ notion.
Shows a non-possessive warmth and acceptance, not an effusive, effervescent persona.
Monitoring our own performance.
According to Horney, most neurotic conflicts arise during or is influenced by _____________.
Lisa has a desire to know things and solve mysteries. She loved understanding her surrounding and is also very curious.
Governed by the reality principle.
The most basic needs.
According to Horney, thi is the false pride based not on a realistic view of true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self.
The need to develop, to become more and to achieve growth.
"Hope"
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