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Introduction to Psychology

Is the scientific study of the mind and behavior that a great popular for students, a popular subject in the public media, and a part of our everyday life.

atkinson

morgan

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developmental

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medical

general

science

stress

depression

He/She believed that we are all born with the raw ingredients of a fulfilling life – we simply need the right condition to thrive. Each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

  • Carl Rogers
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Carl Jung
  • Karen Horney
  • Gordon Allport

Cones are concentrated in the ___________.

  • Periphery of the eye
  • iris
  • Blind spot
  • Fovea

A disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change of identity.

  • Adjustment disorders
  • Dissociative disorders
  • Delirium, dementia, amnestic, and other cognitive disorders
  • Factitious disorders

The ____________ is the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected half of the time.

  • Absolute Threshold
  • Difference threshold
  • Visual Threshold
  • Relative Threshold

A factor of personality characterized by being more likely than others to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, strong sense of meaning in life, and are more forgiving.

  • Openness to Experience
  • Neuroticism
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness

American Psychologists Martin Seligman and Ed Diener introduced behaviorism.

  • FALSE - POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

The tendency for group discussion to make beliefs and attitudes more extreme.

  • Cohesiveness
  • Size of the group
  • Polarization
  • Social loafing

This refers to the interpretation of sensation. It is an active process in which perceptions that are created often go beyond the minimal information provided by the senses.

  • PERCEPTION

A response is an organism’s reaction to a stimulus.

  • True
  • False

When a stimulus is continuously present or repeated at short intervals, the sensation gradually becomes weaker. This termed__________.

  • desensitization
  • None of these
  • Psyhcophysics
  • Sensory adaptation

__ refers to a method in which faulty cognitions, maladaptive beliefs, expectations and ways of thinking are changed by pointing out their irrationality.

  • Cognitive restructuring

The body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another .

  • Drive-reduction theory
  • James-Lange Theory
  • Incentive Theory
  • Cognitive-consistency theories
  • Optimum Level Theories

Conflict in which an individual must choose between two negative outcomes of approximately equal value.

  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict
  • Stress
  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Stress is reduced by explaining away the source of stress in ways that sound logical.

  • Reaction formation
  • Ineffective Coping
  • Physiological Reactions
  • Rationalization
  • Psychological Reaction

These are chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron.

  • Neurotransmitters
  • Norepinephrine
  • Ions
  • Dopamine

This requires the individual to choose between alternatives that contain both positive and negative consequences.

  • Stress
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict
  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

This is the urge to move towards one's goals.

  • Motive
  • drive
  • behaviour
  • Optimum Level Theories
  • motivation

These are brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

  • Emotion
  • Internal Motivation
  • Extrinsic Motivation
  • Basic Physiological Needs

Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies is called ______________.

  • Diffirential
  • Variation
  • Variable
  • Predictor

Environmental psychology explores the effects of physical settings in most major areas of psychology including perception, cognition, learning, and others.

  • TRUE

Sensory receptors located in the muscles, joints, and skin provide the brain with messages about movement, posture, and orientation of the body. These are called______________receptors.

  • Ciliary
  • Semicircular
  • Vestibular
  • Kinesthetic

The ____________theory of color vision proposes that there are three kinds of cones in the retina that respond primarily to light in either the red, green, or blue range of wavelengths.

  • Opponent-process
  • Trichromatic
  • Psychophysical
  • Duplicity

Identify what is defined through its function.

  • medulla

Health psychology examines how people become who they are, from conception to death, concentrating on biological and environmental factors.

  • FALSE - DEVELOPMENTAL

A defense mechanism wherein stress is reduced by returning to an earlier pattern of behavior.

  • REGRESSION

Gestalt is any object or event that is perceived by our senses.

  • FALSE - STIMULUS

Someone who has difficulty exploring more than one possible solution to a problem is demonstrating_____.

  • Functional fixedness
  • Deductive reasoning
  • Subgoaling
  • Inductive Reasoning

__ is a form of therapy in which a trained professional uses methods based on psychological theories to help a person with psychological problems.

  • Psychotherapy

Conflict in which achieving a positive goal will produce a negative outcome as well.

  • Stress
  • Approach-avoidance conflict
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict

The type of reaction that pertains to the fact that the body reacts to stress with an alarm reaction, a phase of resistance to the stress, and a stage of exhaustion if coping is not successful.

  • Ineffective Coping
  • Physiological Reactions
  • Psychological Reaction
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction formation

A defense mechanism wherein the emotional nature of stressful events is lessened at times by reducing it with the help of logic.

  • Humanistic Psychotherapy
  • Denial
  • Repression
  • Intellectualization

__ refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions.

  • COPING

Which of the following statements is correct?

  • Only experimental research allows researchers to determine causality.
  • Only correlational research allows researchers to determine causality.
  • Both correlational and experimental research allow researchers to determine causality.
  • Neither correlational and experimental research allow researchers to determine causality

This refers to the person’s observable characteristics which show the contributions of both nature (genetic heritage) and nurture (environment).

  • Phenotypes
  • Genetic Heritage
  • Maturation
  • Genes

The following except for one are the changes during the adolescence period.

  • Concentrations of hormones increase dramatically
  • Egocentrism or the quality of thinking that leads them to believe that they are the focus of attention in social situations
  • Menarche (first menstrual cycle) in girls; first nocturnal emission for boys
  • Increase in crystallized intelligence or individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills

It is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. It pushes unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind.

  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Sublimation
  • Intellectualization
  • Repression

Erikson’s psychosocial stage when a child Learns to meet the demands imposed by school and home responsibilities; or comes to believe that he or she is inferior to others.

  • Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Which of the following topics would a psychologist have the least interest in?

  • Sexuality
  • Weather Patterns
  • Color Perception
  • Learning

Clinical psychology applies findings in all areas of psychology in the workplace.

  • True
  • False

He/She believed that the need for security, not for sex, is the prime motive of human existence.

  • Carl Jung
  • Gordon Allport
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Karen Horney
  • Carl Rogers

Theory that views motivated behavior as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need.

  • Drive-reduction theory
  • Incentive Theory
  • James-Lange Theory
  • Cognitive-consistency theories
  • Optimum Level Theories

According ___________self-actualization is the motivation to develop one’s full potential as human being. A person at this optimal level of existence would be tolerant of others, have a gentle sense of humor, and be likely to pursue the greater good.

  • Gordon Allport
  • Karen Horney
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Carl Rogers
  • Carl Jung

The sound wave is transduced into neural impulses in the ________, which is located in the cochlea in the inner ear.

  • Organ of Corti
  • Cochlear Fluid
  • Pinna
  • Auditory nerve

__ behavior interferes with everyday functioning and occasionally can be a risk to oneself or others.

  • DYSFUNCTIONAL

Directions: Fill in the blanks.

  • behavior

According to_____________, the amount of the change in a stimulus needed to be detected half the time is in direct proportion to the intensity of the original stimulus.

  • Weber’s law
  • Threshold variation
  • McGurty’s law
  • Psychophysical dualism

Forensic psychology applies psychology to the legal system. Forensic psychologists might help with jury selection or provide expert testimonies in trials.

  • TRUE

These are tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

  • Id
  • Superego
  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Collective unconscious
  • Ego

Multiple Choice;

  • Cell membrane
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Myelin Sheath

It occurs when a single sperm cell from the male merges with the female’s ovum (egg) to produce a zygote – a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 from the father.

  • Development
  • Embryonic Period
  • Conception
  • Germinal Period

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information.

  • Schema
  • Memory
  • Storage
  • Interference

Light waves are transduced into neural messages by two types of receptor cells, named rods and cones, in the ____________of the eye.

  • Iris
  • Pupil
  • retina
  • Ciliary structure

A condition when individual forgets something because it is so painful or anxiety laden that remembering is intolerable.

  • Decay
  • Motivated Forgetting
  • Amnesia
  • Interference

This is the Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. It abides by reality principle as it tries to bring the individual pleasure within the norms of the society.

  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Id
  • Collective unconscious
  • Superego
  • Ego

Critical thinking involves two mental habits such as _______and ______.

  • Mindfulness and open-mindedness
  • Divergent and convergent thinking
  • Biases and heuristics
  • Fixation and function

_________ is a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

  • Projective Test
  • Objective Test
  • Interview
  • Observational Methods

Shirley, a sales representative, uses MapQuest to get driving directions to her client’s office. She is using aNo_______________to reach her destinations.

  • Algorithm
  • Category
  • Prototype
  • Heuristic

Community psychology is concerned with providing accessible care for people with psychological problems. Community-based mental health centers are one means of delivering such services as outreach programs.

  • True
  • False

The emotional nature of stressful events is lessened at times by reducing it to cold logic

  • Displacement
  • Repression
  • Denial
  • Sublimation
  • Intellectualization

These processes pertain to changes in individual’s thought, intelligence, and language.

  • Cognitive Processes
  • Socioemotional Processes
  • Biopyschoemotinal Processes
  • Physical Processes

Categories by which the mind groups things, events, and characteristics are called_____.

  • Heuristics
  • CognitionAA
  • Concepts
  • Algorithms

The more hours that students work, the less successful they are academically. This is an example of what type of correlation?

  • Zero
  • Positive
  • Perfect
  • Negative

It is a testable prediction that derives logically from a theory.

  • Data
  • Hypothesis
  • Scientific Inquiry
  • Empirical Research

Environmentalpsychology explores the effects of physical settings in most major areas of psychology including perception, cognition, learning, and others.

  • True
  • False

At this stage (2 – 7 years), the child is capable of symbolic thought – however, this thinking is still quite different from that of adults. It is often “illogical” in ways that reveal the unique nature of preoperational cognition

  • Formal Operational
  • Sensorimotor Stage
  • Preoperational Stage
  • Concrete Operational

The needs for affiliation with friends, supportive family, group identification and intimate relationship.

  • Esteem Needs
  • Belongingness & Love Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Self-actualization needs
  • Basic Physiological Needs

It refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life, involving both growth and decline.

  • Embryonic Period
  • Development
  • Germinal Period
  • Conception

This includes food, water and sleep.

  • Safety Needs
  • Basic Physiological Needs
  • Self-actualization needs
  • Belongingness & Love Needs
  • Esteem Needs

These pertain to development of one’s potential to the fullest extent.

  • Basic Physiological Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Belongingness & Love Needs
  • Esteem Needs
  • Self-actualization needs

The needs for attention and recognition from others, & feelings of achievement, competence, & mastery.

  • Basic Physiological Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Self-actualization needs
  • Esteem Needs
  • Belongingness & Love Needs

If mental age is the same as chrono;ogical age, the individual’s IQ is 100 or _________.

  • Above average
  • Below average
  • Superior
  • Average

Clinicalpsychology applies findings in all areas of psychology in the workplace.

  • INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATION

This theory taks about how an emotional reaction is a result of physiological reactions to stimuli

  • Optimum Level Theories
  • Incentive Theory
  • Drive-reduction theory
  • Cognitive-consistency theories
  • James-Lange Theory

A response is an organism's reaction to a stimulus.

  • TRUE

He/She is referred to as the father of American personality psychology.

  • Karen Horney
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Carl Jung
  • Gordon Allport
  • Carl Rogers

A classic research by Yerkes and Dodson which states that we function in accordance to a certain level.

  • Drive-reduction theory
  • Arousal Theory
  • Cognitive-consistency theories
  • Optimal Arousal Model
  • Optimum Level Theories

An eclectic approach integrates or combines several perspectives to provide a more complete picture of behavior.

  • TRUE

This defense mechanism involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Denial
  • Sublimation
  • Intellectualization

Most individuals have progressed to full adult cognition, including the ability to reason using abstract concepts

  • Sensorimotor Stage
  • Concrete Operational
  • Formal Operational
  • Preoperational

These are the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need and creating an urge to relieve the tension.

  • Emotions
  • Incentives
  • Needs
  • Drives

__ behavior leads to real discomfort or anguish, either in the person directly or in others.

  • DISTRESSING

An example of concept is __________________.

  • A daisy
  • An eagle
  • A basketball
  • A vegetable

Deductive reasoning starts at _________and goes to _____________.

  • The general; the specific
  • Function; fixation
  • The specific; the general
  • Fixation; function

Conflicts over dangerous motives or feelings are avoided by unconsciously transforming them into the opposite desire

  • Psychological Reaction
  • Physiological Reactions
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction formation
  • Ineffective Coping

This is characterized more likely than others to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, strong sense of meaning in life, and are more forgiving.

  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
  • Conscientiousness
  • Openness to Experience
  • Agreeableness

_______ pertains to the ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality.

  • Intrapersonal
  • Existentialist
  • Interpersonal
  • Naturalist

The tendency to worry and experience negative emotions.

  • Conscientiousness
  • Openness to Experience
  • Neuroticism
  • Agreeableness
  • Extraversion

According to _____________, pitch perception occurs when the brain notices which portions of the basilar membrane are being most excited by incoming sound waves.

  • Frequency Theory
  • Place Theory
  • Volley
  • Duplicity Theory

Forensic psychology applies psychology to the legal system. Forensic psychologists might help with jury selection or provide expert testimonies in trials.

  • True
  • False

__ are culturally determined guidelines that tell people what behavior is expected of them.

  • Social roles

The common criterion for determining mental retardation is ________.

  • an IQ below 85
  • an IQ below 100
  • an IQ below 70
  • an IQ below 55

The reproducibility of the test’s result is known as ______________.

  • Standardization
  • Validity
  • Reliability
  • Criterion validity

Direction: Fill in the blanks.

  • Aristotle

These processes involve changes in an individual’s biological nature.

  • Socioemotional Processes
  • Biopyschoemotinal Processes
  • Cognitive Processes
  • Physical Processes

In an experiment on attitudes, participants are given either positive or negative information about a speaker and then asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the speaker. In this experiment, which is the independent variable?

  • The effectiveness of the speaker
  • The speaker
  • Attitude change
  • The type of information the participant is given

_________ emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious or is beyond awareness, thus enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to out conscious awareness and they powerfully shape our behaviors.

  • Trait Perspective
  • Humanistic Perspective
  • Biological Perspective
  • Psychodynamic Perspective

The theoretical approach to psychological disorders that attributes psychological disorders to organic and internal causes.

  • Biopsychosocial model
  • Sociocultural approach
  • Biological approach
  • Psychological approach

Which of the following statements is true?

  • Results of case study is applicable to everyone.
  • Quasi experimental research is not a true experiment because participants are not randomly assigned to different conditions.
  • Survey determines the relationship between two or more variables.

This leads to changes in many aspects of our psychological states and process – changes in our emotions, motivations, and cognitions.

  • Rationalization
  • Physiological Reactions
  • Ineffective Coping
  • Psychological Reaction
  • Reaction formation

He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, literature, religion and dreams .

  • Gordon Allport
  • Carl Rogers
  • Carl Jung
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Karen Horney

__ reactions occurs when the body reacts to stress with an alarmed reaction, a phase of resistance to the stress, and a stage of exhaustion if coping is not successful.

  • Physiological

This involves anything that energizes or directs behavior.

  • Energy
  • Motives
  • Needs
  • Instincts
  • Drives

It is a conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

  • Semantic memory
  • Explicit memory
  • Procedural memory
  • Episodic memory

It provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study.

  • Operational Definition
  • Data Analysis
  • Drawing Conclusion
  • Observation

This is a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences.

  • Flashbulb Memory
  • Autobiographical Memory
  • Semantic Memory
  • Explicit Memory

A kind of conflict that requires the individual to choose between alternatives that contain both positive and negative consequences.

  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict
  • Approach-avoidance conflict
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict

These are states of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives; these are what your body seeks.

  • Motives
  • Emotion
  • Instincts
  • Needs

Paul believes that physical attractive people are selfish. He conducts a study to see if he is right. He goes up to five people he thinks are good looking and asks them for spare change. They all turn him down. Paul concludes “Aha! I knew it all along.” The operational definition of selfish in Paul’s study is _______________.

  • physical attractiveness
  • whether people gave Paul a spare change
  • whether Paul thought the person was attractive
  • asking for spare change

The person expresses an unconscious wish in a socially valued way, such as a boxer who channeled his aggressive drive in the ring.

  • Intellectualization
  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Sublimation
  • Repression

A theoretical approach to psychological disorders that implies that these are influenced by biological factors such as genes, psychological factors such as childhood experiences and sociocultural factors such as gender.

  • Biopsychosocial model
  • Sociocultural approach
  • Biological approach
  • Psychological approach

It refers to a memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events.

  • Proactive Interference
  • Retrograde Amnesia
  • Decay
  • Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

This occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later. taught earlier.

  • Proactive Interference
  • Retroactive Interference
  • Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon
  • Decay

The nucleus of neuron contains____________ the chemical that contains the genetic blueprint that directs the development of the neuron.

  • Oxytocin
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • Ions
  • Neurotransmitters

__ psychology is the field of psychology that uses psychological principles to encourage healthy lifestyles and to minimize the impact of stress.

  • Health

These processes involve changes in an individual’s relationship with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

  • Socioemotional Processes
  • Biopyschoemotinal Processes
  • Cognitive Processes
  • Physical Processes

This is the most primitive defense mechanism, in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety- producing realities.

  • Sublimation
  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Intellectualization
  • Denial

Conflict in which the individual must choose between two positive goals of approximately equal value.

  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  • Stress
  • Approach-avoidance conflict

This refers to yielding to group pressure to act as everyone else does.

  • Stress
  • Conformity
  • Group thinking
  • Obedience

This refers to the tendency of members of groups to work less hard when group performance is measured than when individual performance is measured.

  • social loafing
  • groupthink
  • social facilitation
  • social inhibition

Darwin’s theory speculated that certain behaviors or traits that enhance survival are naturally selected.

  • True
  • False

_________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts and emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

  • Traits
  • Persona
  • Defense Mechanism
  • Personality

It consists of unconscious drives and is the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy. It works for the pleasure principle.

  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Collective unconscious
  • Superego
  • Ego
  • Id

It is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations.

  • Theory
  • Scientific Method
  • Prediction
  • Phenomenon

It refers to the phenomenon in psychoanalysis in which the patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist in ways that resemble how he or she feels and acts toward other significant adults.

  • Interpretation of resistance
  • Free association
  • Catharsis
  • Interpretation of transference
  • Dream interpretation

The sound wave is amplified by the hammer, anvil, and stirrup in the _____________.

  • inner ear
  • Middle ear
  • Outer ear
  • Pinna

This is the field of psychology that uses psychological principles to encourage healthy lifestyles and to minimize the impact of stress.

  • Sports Psychology
  • Health Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Counseling Psychology

He/She concluded that archetypes emerge in art, literature, religion and dreams.

  • Carl Rogers
  • Gordon Allport
  • Karen Horney
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Carl Jung

It refers to the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life’s happenings – that is how individuals remember life’s episodes.

  • Episodic memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Explicit memory
  • Procedural memory

Sigmund Freud established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, in Germany.

  • True
  • False

This can be thought of as any event that strains or exceeds an individual’s ability to cope.

  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  • Stress
  • Approach-avoidance conflict
  • Approach-approach conflict

This pertains to the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

  • Semantic Memory
  • Flashbulb Memory
  • Explicit Memory
  • Autobiographical Memory

__ means different from the norm or different from what most people do.

  • DEVIANT

Type of attention in which involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

  • Selective Attention
  • Sustained Attention
  • None of the above
  • Divided Attention

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on the accurate identification and communication of feelings and the improvement of current social relationships

  • Intrapersonal Psychotherapy
  • Cognitive Behavior Therapy
  • Humanistic Psychotherapy
  • Interpersonal Psychotherapy

This is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. It is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

  • Ego
  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Collective unconscious
  • Id
  • Superego

A type of effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory.

  • Retrieval Task
  • Retrieval Cues
  • Decay
  • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

This is Jung’s name for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.

  • Id
  • Collective unconscious
  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Ego
  • Superego
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