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It deals with what choices people make, what factors influence their choices and how their decisions affect the goods markets by affecting the price.
Zhu Yikun considered that claim to residue refers to residual rights of control with the implication that those with claims regarding the ownership of residue are the contractual controllers in respect of actions concerning the assets and have the final decision and also that they bear operational profits and losses independently.
It evaluates the current state of our world and to speculate on ways that it might be improved; it is an important aspect of our education.
Welfare declines if some people lose and nobody gains or if some gain and some lose, the welfare change is ambiguous, no verdict where this partial ordering was later called the Pareto criterion.
________ approach encourages the focus to be on individual behavior and the optimization of the welfare of the individual.
The City of London Regulations of the United Kingdom define control rights as the ownership or joint ownership of 30% or more of the voting shares in a company whether or not the amount owned constitutes the actual voting rights.
The theory of consumer choice examines the tradeoffs that people face in their role as Producers.
_______ had diagnosed the Great Depression of the 1930s as a failure of aggregate demand.
He took the distributional issue quite a bit further when he made two key contributions to existing theory.
This a graph that shows the various combinations of outputthat the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology those firms can use to turn these factors into output.
This was defined by Sidgwick as the system that fixes as the reasonable ultimate end of each individual's action his own greatest happiness.
Total utility of society was simply the sum of the individual utilities which focuses the analysis on the ________.
The theory of value treats the short period, in which the _______ of capital equipment is given and it has many applications.
The absolute price commodity is a measure of how expensive a good is in terms of units of some other good or service.
He is the famous seventeenth century scientist and mathematician, allegedly became intrigued one day when he saw an apple fall from an apple tree.
He wrote a famous typology of welfare regimes under capitalism.
United Kingdom Company Law provides that companies can take two forms, namely limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.
This individual trade goods or services for money and then use this money to buy the goods or services that they wish to acquire.
The costs of production which determine supply price consist of wages and profits.
Economics evaluates the current state of our world and to speculate on ways that it might be improved where it is an important aspect of our education.
_______ is the best known of the early contributors to French rationalist microeconomics wherein he perceives the quantity demanded as a continuous function of the price.
_______ considers social welfare function, which although still problematic along positivist grounds, provided a framework for ranking different social states on the basis of a configuration or profile of individual preferences.
This theory of trust normally treats social capital as a diffuse attribute of an individual wherein a person trusts others in many different situations.
Another of the Ten Principles of Economics is that the cost of something is what you give up to get it, one good as measured in terms of the other good.
_______ was defined by Sidgwick as the system that fixes as the reasonable ultimate end of each individual's action his own greatest happiness.
Sweden has this kind of social security system where payments are compulsory.
Market advantage is the production of a good if the individual can produce the good at the lowest opportunity cost.
________ represents the flows of goods and services between households and firms.
The _______ of the United Kingdom define control rights as the ownership or joint ownership of 30% or more of the voting shares in a company whether or not the amount owned constitutes the actual voting rights.
This diagram represents the flows of goods and services between households and firms.
Yin Zhaoliang succinctly defines corporate control as the power exercised over the company with varying degrees of influence by shareholders or those with related benefits.
Decision management includes the decision's initial proposal and its implementation after authorization while decision control includes the examination and approval of the proposed decision and supervision of its implementation.
_______ is making current products available for the workers to consume in the meantime.
They are the one who founded the modern utilitarian framework in Economics.
________ of corporate governance are mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
This can never be expended in a pure form.
Walter Korpi argued that previously relatively backward nations in the ________ were rather catching up with Sweden than Sweden lagging behind and that this was only to be expected since higher growth rates are to be expected from countries that from the outset are relatively poorer.
Welfare independency remains a problem for those individuals who are forced by meager economic circumstances to form their livelihood on receiving welfare.
Firms produce goods and services using inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines).
This survey found out that in Russia, four-fifths to nine-tenths do not belong to any voluntary association.
These are taken into account that includes the demand for a product both domestic and foreign demand.
This _______ is individual that trade goods or services for money and then use this money to buy the goods or services that they wish to acquire.
The category of land includes all natural resources and these natural resources include the land itself, as well as any minerals, oil deposits, timber, or water that exists on or below the ground.
Commercial rights of control are the power to make decisions regarding the distribution of the residue produced under the contract.
Social capital networks produce goods and ________ that are not a new phenomenon but they are an inevitable part of every society, ancient or modern, high income or low income.
Egoistic Hedonism was defined by Sidgwick as the system that fixes as the reasonable ultimate end of each individual's action his own greatest happiness.
The theory of consumer choice examines the tradeoffs that people face in their role as _______.
_______ was substantially criticized if not undermined by the argument that interpersonal comparisons of utility had no scientific basis.
________ wrote that the definition of corporate controlis the authority to employ and dismiss managers at the highest level and to determine their remuneration.
This _______ may be used as a tool to aid in the decision making process.
________ started from a pragmatic perspective, defining corporate control as the actual right to choose the members of the board of directors of a company or the majority of the members whether through the exercise of legal powers or by bringing pressure to bear.
This mechanism is a system of side-payments which introduced to the individual alongside the willingness to pay.
_______ is characterize by a unit of labor that was expended at a certain time in the past is more valuable today than a unit expended today, because its fruits are already ripe.
This is the only consistently significant socio-economic influence wherein older people tend to have less income security.
Lenism developed the party as an organization with the totalitarian vocation of abolishing informal social networks and mobilizing the population into party-led formal organizations covering every sphere of social life.
The _______ are often regarded as the first important contributors to Western culture.
________ is not a static body of truths, rather, it is an expression of a perspective about economic activities during a particular historical period.
A single largest social security system is the old age insurance for those over 20 years of age.
This is for the most part not a universal system proper connected to citizens' rights, but rather best described as wage-labor based which to some extent even workfare rather than welfare wherein it is not tax financed but financed through compulsory payments on the wage to a nationally administered social security system.
The characteristic by which goods are specified is that they have value that is purchasing power over each other for which the list of goods is quite specific.
An _______ is said to be efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.
India's Company Law provides that companies can take two forms, namely limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.
A capitalist who buys a machine readymade pays a price for it which includes profit to the capitalist who sells it.
This is positive because profits are positive though at the same time the cost and difficulty of obtaining finance play a part in keeping productive equipment scarce, and so contribute to maintaining the level of profits.
Pareto expressed it in the second edition when he proposed that welfare increases if some people gain and nobody loses.
Chrematistiks was an analysis of how decisions were made regarding the management of resources.
_______ used only one basic criterion of social improvement called the Pareto comparison.
The Germans are often regarded as the first important contributors to Western culture.
________ was developed by utilitarian economists such as Marshall and Pigou, taking inspiration from their predecessor Jeremy Bentham.
This Microeconomics may be used as a tool to aid in the decision making process.
Partnerships are the result of the extension of proprietorial enterprises wherein if proprietors establish a partnership by means of a contract they become partners.
These is consists, in essence, in employing labor now in a way which will yield its fruits in the future.
________ are a necessary part of a modern society, which by definition requires impersonal bureaucratic organizations of state and market that can routinely produce complex goods such as automobiles and services such as university education.
This is the relationship that exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period.
The first book in Adam Smith's celebrated volume The Wealth of Nations brings up a valuation problem that is usually referred to as The Economic Theory.
_______ began his Republic with an economic interpretation of history wherein he begins by seeking the meaning of justice.
The theory of ________ examines the tradeoffs that people face in their role as consumers.
Goods that are used to produce other goods or services are called _______ and are also known as inputs or factors of production.
The process of accumulation consists in refraining from consuming current output in order to add to thestock of wealth.
_______ and _______ started from observed disequilibrium and through a process of adjustments, they approached general equilibrium.
Stock of capital as the specific list of all the goods in existence at any moment including work-in-progressing the pipe lines of production.
Capital when it consists of un-invested finance is a sum of money and the net receipts of a business are sums of money.
Pareto discussed how a judicious government can increase welfare where the full-fledged version of the modern welfare theory was fleshed out in The Economics of Welfare.
Economists say that these goods are the increase in the price of one result in a reduction in the demand for the other.
A _______ buys a machine readymade pays a price for it which includes profit to the capitalist who sells it.
_______ analyzed the process by which a social welfare function might be formulated, arguing that a social welfare function is only a valid concept if it is derived from the preferences of the individuals composing the society.
________ is the study of decisions, relationships and behavioral patterns of individuals, families, organizations, industries and markets.
He was the successor to Walras at the University of Lausanne whose name has been associated with the basic criteria used as a measure of efficiency.
Keynes had diagnosed the Great Depression of the 1930s as a failure of aggregate demand.
Self-interested people may donate their time to charitable organizations, give gifts to loved ones, contribute to charities and engage in other similarly altruistic activities.
Pareto was the successor to Walras at the University of Lausanne whose name has been associated with the basic criteria used as a measure of efficiency.
This is the production of a good if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
This is a process of accumulation consists in refraining from consuming current output.
They called these taxes the welfare optimizing or improving taxes under externalities.
Households and firms interact in two types of markets wherein in the markets for goods and services, firms are buyers and households are sellers.
Regional cost defined as the additional cost associated with a one-unit increase in the level of the activity.
According to him, if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, then the private market will always solve the problem of externalities and allocate resources efficiently.
_______ consists, in essence, in employing labor now in a way which will yield its fruits in the future.
This studied human activities involved with "wealth-getting" which could be unnatural as well as natural.
_______ is a market system in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services.
In the theory of the market for corporate control, the conduct of takeovers by companies in that market and the accompanying threat of takeover are external control mechanisms, which can reduce agency costs.
This is a measurement of how expensive a good is in terms of units of some other good or service.
This is when capital equipment is given only part of the theory of value which treats of the short period.
This welfare consists of means and needs tested benefits, which are administered at the local levels.
Micro-economic theories conventionally conceive of welfare as the outcome of individual ________, particularly income.
He was the first to describe the system as a whole and to show that a competitive market economy generates a Pareto optimal allocation of resources.
_______ is the specific list of all the goods in existence at any moment including work-in-progressing the pipe lines of production.
This is the _______ production of a good if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
_______ succinctly defines corporate control as the power exercised over the company with varying degrees of influence by shareholders or those with related benefits.
The theory of the market for corporate control was first put forward by ________ of the Washington University Law School in 1965.
It refers to the ability to organize production and bear risks.
Godel's proof is the boundary of the analyticity of arithmetic which was not airtight and for the Colloquium's work on general equilibrium theory wherein Carnap's invocation of ever richer arithmetical languages was problematic and would prove to be prophetic at least with regard to ________.
This is a market system in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services.
He paints a vivid picture of the demerits of the welfare state in this relation.
Absolute advantage is the production of a ________ if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
There is a quantity which can be translated from one number to another by changing the unit and this is called ________.
Professor Michael Jensen of the U.S. Corporate Governance Authority and the Wharton School stated that the American enterprise system has been transformed from "management capitalism" with de facto management control to "investor capitalism" where the investor exercise effective constraints on managers.
_______ developed an analysis of the moral system called The Theory of Moral Sentiments, then an economic system called The Wealth of Nations.
This is the production of a good if the individual can produce the good at the lowest opportunity cost.
He is largely responsible for the simplification of Bentham's utilitarian philosophy as is has come to be used as a foundation for mainstream microeconomics.
He is the best known of the early contributors to French rationalist microeconomics wherein he perceives the quantity demanded as a continuous function of the price.
_______ define residual rights of control as enterprise ownership.
_______ was the successor to Walras at the University of Lausanne whose name has been associated with the basic criteria used as a measure of efficiency.
Internal control mechanisms of corporate governance is mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
Stefan Folster and Fredrik Bergstrom summarize their results that the intersection between the official lie and the ________ has created unstable welfare systems.
He is the Swedish economist with a book European Dawn - After the Social Model which summarizes the neoliberal case against the Swedish model very succinctly.
When Adam delved and Eve span, there were evidently a spade and a spindle already in existence.
The City of London Regulations of the United Kingdom define control rights as meaning the ownership or joint ownership of 30% or more of the voting shares in a company whether or not the amount owned constitutes the actual voting rights.
Individuals are assumed to select the alternative(s) that they believe will make them happiest, given the information that they possess at the time of the decision.
The Economic Rule is a first best policy rule for public provision where it presupposes that the government or social planner can collect revenue by using lump-sum taxes.
Opportunity cost is defined as the cost of not selecting the ________ alternative.
His idea of maximizing utility of the maximum number of people typically involves one maximum too many to be feasible.
The characteristic by which goods are specified and that they have value that is purchasing power over each other wherein the list of goods is quite specific with so many actual particular objects is called ________.
They span that there were evidently a spade and a spindle already in existence.
In the theory of the market for corporate control, the conduct of takeovers by companies in that market and the accompanying threat of takeover are external control mechanisms, which can reduce _______.
Education is a human capital determinant of individual ________ either directly or indirectly.
_______ is the result of the extension of proprietorial enterprises wherein if proprietors establish a partnership by means of a contract they become partners.
_______ is a studied human activities involved with "wealth-getting" which could be unnatural as well as natural.
He argued that backward nations in the OECD were rather catching up with Sweden than Sweden lagging behind.
The _______ theory came about in the latter half of the 19th century explicitly in the form of Leon Walras' 1874 work "Elements of Pure Economics" and subsequently with the addition of graphical representation in his 1892 paper "Geometrical Theory of the Determination of Prices".
Residual rights of control are the power to make decisions regarding the distribution of the residue produced under the contract.
_______ of corporate governance is mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
This is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period, ceteris paribus.
John Stuart Mill who held that the utilities of different commodities were not independent with some commodities functioning as substitutes or complements for each other or the consumption of a commodity affecting the utility of another commodity in some fashion.
They are the one who buys a machine readymade pays a price for it which includes profit to the capitalist who sells it.
This diagram offers a simple way of organizing all the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.
U.S. Federal Securities Act provides control which means the power to exercise a controlling influence over a company's operational management or general and specific policies or the activity of a natural person directly or indirectly whether by voting a contract or other means.
They summarize their results that the intersection between the official lie and the private truth has created unstable welfare systems.
This is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
_______ includes the cost of capital goods, and since they must be constructed before they can be used, part of which is interest over the period of time between the moment when work was done in constructing capital goods and the time when they are producing a stream of output.
This is one of the parts of the Swedish welfare state, which most resembles the image of a general welfare state.
These are far distant system from Weber's ideal-type modern society or Putnam's civic democracy wherein many of the organizational pathologies found there also exist in other parts of the world.
The category of _______ includes all natural resources and these natural resources include the land itself, as well as any minerals, oil deposits, timber, or water that exists on or below the ground.
Economic good is if the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a zero price.
_______ is the power to make decisions regarding the distribution of the residue produced under a contract.
He introduced the full-fledged general equilibrium system based on the fundamental principles of utility maximization and profit maximization.
Internal control mechanisms of corporate governance are mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
Generic social capital is the basis of most theories of ________, for a poor, uneducated or blind person is expected to be excluded from productive networks across a wide range of welfare goods and services.
This is the rate at which the currency of one country is converted into the currency of another country.
He draws an analogy between the Principles of Maximum Energy and the Principles of Greatest Happiness.
_______ is the boundary of the analyticity of arithmetic which was not airtight and for the Colloquium's work on general equilibrium theory wherein Carnap's invocation of ever richer arithmetical languages was problematic and would prove to be prophetic at least with regard to general equilibrium theory.
_______ is an un-invested finance for a sum of money and the net receipts of a business are sums of money.
They argued that similar benefits accrue from international specialization and trade.
_______ and _______ argued that similar benefits accrue from international specialization and trade.
_______ refers to the ability to organize production and bear risks.
________ suggested that a perfect market economy and a perfectly planned market economy were equivalent.
_______ transactions in enterprise control rights began in 1984 in such cities as Baoding and Wuhan.
This kind of economist thinks of a position of equilibrium as a position towards which an economy is tending to move as time goes by.
When _______ and _______ span there were evidently a spade and a spindle already in existence.
Opportunity cost is one of the Ten Principles of Economics wherein the cost of something is what you give up to get it such that one good as measured in terms of the other good.
He created the invisible hand idea that is one of the most fundamental equilibrating relations in Economic Theory.
Circular-flowdiagram offers a simple way of organizing all the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.
This is defined as the additional cost associated with a one-unit increase in the level of the activity.
Adam Smith developed an analysis of the moral system called The Theory of Moral Sentiments as well an economic system called The Wealth of Nations.
Bureaucratic organizations are predictably expected to deliver goods and services to individuals as citizens and customers.
________ is a market system in which goods or services is traded directly for other goods or services.
This is un-invested finance which is a sum of money while the net receipts of a business are sums of money.
Holistic characterizations of cultures and societies as trusting as well as thick or thin in network structures are only meaningful insofar as there is a substantial amount of ________ within a society or at least one perspective is hegemonic.
He began his Republic with an economic interpretation of history wherein he begins by seeking the meaning of justice.
Mechanisms of restraint in corporate control can be examined with regard to internal and external mechanisms. Internal control mechanisms are also known as the company's internal governance structure.
Productiveness of capital consists in the fact that a unit of labor that was expended at a certain time in the past is more valuable today than a unit expended today because its fruits are already ripe.
There is a quantity which can be translated from one number to another by changing the unit and this is calledequilibrium.
_______ continued to work on the possibility of the existence, stability, and uniqueness of general equilibrium theory in increasingly complex formal mathematical models.
It determines supply price consist of wages and profits.
This is when making choices wherein this means that individuals are assumed to select the alternative(s) that they believe will make them happiest, given the information that they possess at the time of the decision.
The theory of the market for corporate control was first put forward by Professor Henry G. See of the Washington University Law School in 1965.
_______ is a type of reasoning that is amenable in principle to a multiplicity of player types such as own-gain maximizes and those preferring equality.
Jevons is largely responsible for the simplification of Bentham's utilitarian philosophy and it had come to be used as a foundation for mainstream microeconomics.
_______ provides control which means that the power to exercise a controlling influence over a company's operational management and specific policies or the activity of a natural person directly or indirectly whether by voting, through one or more intermediaries such as a contract or other means.
Godel's proof is the boundary of the analyticity of arithmetic was not airtight and for the Colloquium's work on general equilibrium theory, Carnap's invocation of ever richer arithmetical languages was problematic and would prove to be prophetic at least with regard to general equilibrium theory.
Zhu Yikun succinctly defines corporate control as the power exercised over the company with varying degrees of influence by shareholders or those with related benefits.
Marginal cost is defined as the ________ associated with a one-unit increase in the level of the activity.
According to Mill's theorem, if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, then the private market will always solve the problem of externalities and allocate resources efficiently.
Economics is the study of how individuals and societies use limited ________ to satisfy unlimited wants.
Households and firms interact in two types of markets. In the markets for goods and services, _______ are buyers and _______ are sellers.
His influence on the development of microeconomics is through the work of Leon Walras.
In the theory of the market for corporate control, the conduct of takeovers by companies in that market and the accompanying threat of takeover are external control mechanisms, which can reduceagency costs.
Enrico Barone led the way in developing both the conceptual framework and the theoretical tools wherein he coined the term incentive compatibility.
The _______ of a capitalist who has the machine built in his own workshops will expect to receive, from sales of the final output which includes profit on the interest on the cost of having the machine built reckoned over the period of construction.
_______ is if the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a zero price.
This is the leading Swedish daily journal that has consistently in its editorial pages campaigned for social security reforms.
Jeremy Bentham draws an analogy between the Principles of Maximum Energy and the Principles of Greatest Happiness.
This may be used as a tool to aid in the decision making process.
_______ of restraint in corporate control can be examined with regard to internal and external mechanisms.
In recent years, this is the most fundamental and loud-voiced criticism of the Swedish model pertains to its function.
This _______ approach encourages the focus to be on individual behavior and the optimization of the welfare of the individual.
This monetary economy individuals trade goods or services for money and then use this money to buy the goods or services that they wish to acquire.
The General Equilibriumtheory came about in the latter half of the 19th century explicitly in the form of Leon Walras' 1874 work, Elements of Pure Economics, and subsequently with the addition of graphical representation in his 1892 paper "Geometrical Theory of the Determination of Prices".
________ is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
China transactions in enterprise control rights began in 1984 in such cities as Baoding and Beijing.
He is an English philosopher who laid the foundation for British Utilitarian microeconomics in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
This was an analysis of how decisions were made regarding the management of resources.
Babbage pioneered the use of utilitarian calculus to obtain judgments about the social interest by aggregating the personal interests of different individuals in the form of their respective utilities.
The category of "land" includes all natural resources wherein these natural resources include the land itself, as well as any minerals, oil deposits, timber, or water that exists on or below the ground.
The main system of protection from income-loss and/or absence from the labor market in Sweden remains the overall social security system.
Cost of capital includes the cost of capital goods and since they must be constructed before they can be used, part of the cost of capital is interest over the period of time between the moment when work was done in constructing capital goods and the time when they are producing a stream of output.
They own the factors of production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
_______ held that the utilities of different commodities were not independent with some commodities functioning as substitutes or complements for each other or the consumption of a commodity affecting the utility of another commodity in some fashion.
________ theory exemplifies how far contemporary neoclassical economics has come from a time when rationally maximizing behavior on the part of individuals was thought to be necessary for a coherent economic model.
Goods that are used to produce other goods or services are called economic resources and are also known as inputs or factors of production.
In China, transactions in enterprise control rights began in 1984 in such cities as Baoding and Wuhan.
John Stuart Mill is an English philosopher who laid the foundation for British Utilitarian microeconomics in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
In these markets, households provide firms the inputs that the firms use to _______ and _______.
Partnershipsare the result of the extension of proprietorial enterprises wherein if proprietors establish a partnership by means of a contract they become partners.
They are often regarded as the first important contributors to Western culture.
Monetary companies own the factors of production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
Investment is making current products available for the workers to consume in the meantime.
John Stuart Mill can be regarded as a ________ writer, he connects the Classical economists and Utilitarianism to the development of market oriented microeconomics.
The theory of the market for corporate control was first put forward by Professor _______ of the Washington University Law School in 1965.
Walras and Pareto started from observed disequilibrium and through a process of adjustments, they approached general equilibrium.
_______ economies are those where the rate of profit is falling in spite of rapid technical progress and miserable ones are those where the rate of profit is high in spite of technical stagnation.
The _______ economist thinks of a position of equilibrium as a position towards which an economy is tending to move as time goes by.
_______ was an analysis of how decisions were made regarding the management of resources.
_______ considered that claim to residue refers to residual rights of control with the implication that those with claims regarding the ownership of residue are the contractual controllers in respect of actions concerning the assets and have the final decision and also that they bear operational profits and losses independently.
_______ influence on the development of microeconomics is through the work of Leon Walras.
The _______ and _______ refers to the phenomenon of the almost total lack of control rights or lack of direct control rights over company management policy by shareholders in publicly held corporations.
_______ pioneered the use of utilitarian calculus to obtain judgments about the social interest by aggregating the personal interests of different individuals in the form of their respective utilities.
They produce goods and services using inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines).
The only part of the theory of value which treats of the short period, in which the technological stock of capital equipment is given, has any application.
He developed an analysis of the moral system (The Theory of Moral Sentiments), then an economic system (The Wealth of Nations).
_______ produce goods and services using inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines).
Pareto analyzed the process by which a social welfare function might be formulated, arguing that a social welfare function is only a valid concept if it is derived from the preferences of the individuals composing the society.
_______ Company Law provides that companies can take two forms, namely limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.
He sees the invisible hand as embodied in a central planner, guiding the economy to a social optimum.
The cost a capitalist who has the machine built in his own workshops will expect to receive, from sales of the final output, includes profit on the interest on the cost of having the machine built reckoned over the period of construction.
This implies the existence of tradeoffs wherein these tradeoffs can be illustrated quite nicely by a production possibilities frontier.
Manufacturers own the factors of production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
_______ is largely responsible for the simplification of Bentham's utilitarian philosophy as is has come to be used as a foundation for mainstream microeconomics.
Mechanisms of restraint in corporate control can be examined with regard to internal and external mechanisms wherein internal control mechanisms are also known as the company's internal governance structure.
The production possibilities frontier simplifies a complex ________ to highlight and clarifies some basic ideas.
_______ is positive because profits are positive though at the same time the cost and difficulty of obtaining finance play a part in keeping productive equipment scarce and so contribute to maintaining the level of profits.
Economists say that supplementary goods areincrease in the price of one result in a reduction in the demand for the other.
He emphasized that networks tend to be situational wherein getting a pension involves interaction with officials in a large bureaucratic organization, whereas organizing a social evening for a church depends on informal personal networks.
Industrial welfare economics was substantially criticized if not undermined by the argument that interpersonal comparisons of utility had no scientific basis.
The purpose of which is to keep the price of a good above the market equilibrium price.
Self-interest people may donate their time to charitable organizations, give gifts to loved ones, contribute to charities and engage in other similarly altruistic activities.
_______ is an English philosopher, laid the foundation for British Utilitarian microeconomics in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
_______ people may donate their time to charitable organizations, give gifts to loved ones, contribute to charities and engage in other similarly altruistic activities.
The ________ survey found that in Russia, four-fifths to nine-tenths do not belong to any voluntary association.
_______ includes the decision's initial proposal and its implementation after authorization while decision control includes the examination and approval of the proposed decision and supervision of its implementation.
International market is taken into account where the demand for a product includes both domestic and foreign demand.
This is a first best policy rule for public provision wherein it presupposes that the government or social planner can collect revenue by using lump-sum taxes.
People consume less than they desire because their spending is constrained or limited by their ________.
This local market demand for a product includes both domestic and foreign demand.
Arthur Montblancis the best known of the early contributors to French rationalist microeconomics wherein he perceives the quantity demanded as a continuous function of the price.
This _______ demand for a product includes both domestic and foreign demand.
It comes to employ a particular methodological outlook where theory was understood to correspond with truth and was prior to the dissembling world of praxis called _______.
Stocks, bonds, and other financial assets are examples of capital/ resources.
This result has tried to modify the axioms to resolve the conflict between individual and social orderings but no fully satisfactory solution has been found.
This version was first introduced by Dupuit (1844), in which he studied the value of a large project.
The law of supply is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
This approach encourages the focus to be on individual behavior and the optimization of the welfare of the individual.
Scarcity implies the existence of tradeoffs wherein these tradeoffs can be illustrated quite nicely by a production possibilities frontier.
________ provided a justification for and explanation of the activities of the rising merchant class.
_______ is a pioneer and advocate of social choice theory and he attacked the notion of the abstract individual subject displaying a rarefied form of social behavior integral to the history of economic theory as too simplistic.
_______ is the production of a good if the individual can produce the good at the lowest opportunity cost.
This analysis confirms a message that many Russians learned long ago that a portfolio of resources is the best way to secure welfare.
Stocks, bonds, and other financial assets are examples of _______.
Professor _______ of the U.S. Corporate Governance Authority and the Wharton School stated that the American enterprise system has been transformed from "management capitalism" with de facto management control to "investor capitalism" where the investor exercise effective constraints on managers.
He suggested that a perfect market economy and a perfectly planned market economy were equivalent.
He discussed how a judicious government can increase welfare wherein the full-fledged version of the modern welfare theory was fleshed out in The Economics of Welfare.
It conceived that the Communist Party is an organizational weapon for seizing power.
Economist also uses models to learn about the world but instead of being made of plastic, they are most often composed of diagrams and equations.
Demand is the relationship that exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period.
Dynamic change can also involve an increase in total welfare in the ________ insofar as greater use of formal networks is more efficient and effective.
_______ also use models to learn about the world, but instead of being made of plastic, they are most often composed of diagrams and equations.
This is characterize when a unit of labor that was expended at a certain time in the past is more valuable today than a unit expended today, because its fruits are already ripe.
The _______ determine supply price consist of wages and profits.
_______ draws an analogy between the Principles of Maximum Energy and the Principles of Greatest Happiness.
These arguments gained ground from 1980 and onwards in Swedish public debate wherein this has been conducted in a setting of some irony and with a portion of outright dishonesty.
General equilibrium model explains how ________ used to produce a set of goods that will result in the maximum social wealth.
This model has for some time attracted attention worldwide wherein in the golden era of welfare capitalism, it was hailed left and right for its unique combination of a capitalist ownership structure and a social market.
This is making current products available for the workers to consume in the meantime.
Anders Isaksson has been given ample room in the columns to put forward the case wherein he argues that income ________ is an ever-increasing burden on the welfare state.
The separation of ownership and control refers to the phenomenon of the almost total lack of control rights or lack of direct control rights over company management policy by shareholders in privately held corporations.
He has been given ample room in the columns to put forward the case wherein he argues that income social security is an ever-increasing burden on the welfare state.
Saving consists, in essence, in employing labor now in a way which will yield its fruits in the future.
The comparative advantage production of a good is if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
U.K. Federal provides control which means the power to exercise a controlling influence over a company's operational management or general and specific policies or the activity of a natural person directly or indirectly whether by voting, through one or more intermediaries, a contract or other means.
_______ theory carried with it key foundational problems surrounding the very concept of rationality in a game-theoretic setting.
The process of accumulation consists in refraining from consuming current output in order to add to the ________.
Goods that are used to produce other goods or services are called economic growth and are also known as inputs or factors of production.
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