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Refers to the acquisition, storage and movement of inventory from origin to destination and the maintenance of inventory, resources and related information.
When you design a logistics system, you must not collect the right data that are needed to make logistics decisions and you must not get that data to the people making those decisions.
Describes the medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of a population, and are approved for use throughout the country.
Purchaser contracts for goods directly with a manufacturer or its representatives.
You should consider storage capacity of facilities when determining the max-min stock levels.
Because information is recorded by date, inventory control cards or stores ledgers include information about when shipments are received and when issues are made, including the shipment quantity.
Over the years, logisticians have developed a model to illustrate the relationship between the activities in a logistics system; they call it the __.
Holds information about products being consumed or used.
Quantification is not a one-time annual exercise; it is a continuous process that requires ongoing monitoring and routine updates.
__ (HCW) products are generated at health care facilities, laboratories, and research facilities during diagnosis; and during the immunization of humans and animals, medical treatment and research, and the production or testing of biological products.
A smaller, more technical group should decide which techniques to use for the selected tasks.
Selection of a procurement method will not depend on the types and quantities of products to be procured.
Informs the storekeeper when to order or issue, how much to order or issue, and how to maintain an appropriate stock level of all products to avoid shortages and over supply.
Ensures the physical integrity and safety of products and their packaging, throughout the various storage facilities, until they are dispensed to clients.
Set of resources (e.g., funds, policies, personnel, facilities, supplies, etc.) required to implement a program/activity.
Objectives are planned over time to ensure that they can be met and are measured within a specific timeframe.
Specific statement describing the desired accomplishment(s) or results of an intervention or program; how the goal will be achieved (objectives should be measurable and should address existing problems, program weaknesses, and/or client needs [or build on strengths]).
The party that transfers goods out of its control and to a named recipient.
In collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders, decide which laboratory tests should be provided at each level of the system.
Results obtained at the program level, direct products or deliverables of a program (e.g., number of people trained, M&E materials developed and available for use).
It is the average of the quantities of product dispensed to users or patients in the most recent three months, as appropriate.
__ is when the purchaser establishes direct contact with suppliers or their representatives.
It is used to solicit offers from a local marketplace.
Changes in resources (financial, human, capital) that are available to the system can affect a supply chain.
Results obtained at the population level following interventions (e.g., improved access and product availability, improved skills).
It is the length of time from the manufacturing date to the final date a product can be safely used, or the length of time that product can be stored without affecting its usability, safety, purity, or potency.
Long-term results or outcomes also obtained at the population level (e.g., changes in total fertility rate [TFR] or in morbidity and mortality).
Transport vehicles are an expensive, yet essential, component of health product delivery.
Standardizing laboratory supplies and equipment is critical for supply chain management.
From all facilities that store the commodities, such as hospitals, health centers, and dispensaries.
A __ is an agreement entered into by two parties for the execution of a certain activity; for example, a sale and purchase, or provision, of services.
__ include number of services provided, number of service visits at which products are dispensed, tests conducted, episodes of a disease or health condition treated, or number of patients on continuous
It is the engine that drives the logistics cycle; without information, the logistics system would not run smoothly.
When deciding how many months of stock to use to calculate the average monthly consumption (AMC), you should consider special characteristics for different programs.
Objectives and indicators must be SMarT (specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic, and time-bound).
Holds information about products being moved.
It is conducted by an intermediate organization; the procurement unit does not interact with the marketplace.
Converting data into information; should be in a format that is useful for decision making.
In a __, the trigger for ordering is the end of the review period.
You will use the __ step to estimate the total commodity requirements and costs for the program.
This relates to the percentage of demand for a given line item (stock keeping unit, or SKU) that can be met from available inventory.
Using adult learning methods, these materials are designed to teach the staff how to use the SOP manual and job aids; and how to use the corresponding forms to order, monitor, and manage their health commodities.
__ are data on the actual quantities of health commodities.
This is the frequency of use for a specific product, at different periods of time.
Involves adherence to standardized procedures that the public sector uses when there are multiple potential suppliers.
It is designed to ensure that the quantities in stock fall within an established range.
The amount we have is the same as __.
Implementing a logistics system is a dynamic process that requires ongoing training, monitoring, and evaluation.
In most countries, using pharmaceutical products requires prior evaluation and approval from a governing body, often called the __ (NDRA).
One variation of a forced-ordering max-min system is the delivery truck system, sometimes called a __ or bread truck system.
Basic information gathered before a program begins; it is used later as a comparison for assessing program impact.
Cold chain products require appropriate storage and distribution throughout the system.
It is the level of stock above which inventory levels should not rise, under normal conditions.
It is necessary to ensure that the supplier is meeting its obligations, and that products arrive on time and in good condition.
Damaged or expired products cannot be put back on the truck for disposal (if this is the procedure for handling these products), taking advantage of space on the truck.
A quality system covering the manufacturing and testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients, diagnostics, foods, pharmaceutical products, and medical devices.
Variable that measures a particular aspect of a program (input, process, output, outcome, impact), usually related to achievement of objectives.
After you select the techniques, chose the appropriate equipment to carry out these tests and techniques.
Good product specifications are critical to good procurement and to ensure that the procured products meet all program requirements and quality standards.
After products have been selected, the required quantity and cost of each product must be determined.
To calculate the months of stock-on-hand, you first need process of counting, by hand, to know the quality of stock on hand.
Measure that is subjective and descriptive, usually based on an individual’s perception or interpretation.
This is the level of stock at which actions to replenish inventory should occur under normal conditions.
The procurement process is often complex and, frequently, has many regulations and policies.
It is the process of examining products and their packaging to look for obvious problems with product quality.
Individual facts, statistics, and raw numbers.
Summary reports are usually organized by date—monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly, depending on the reporting cycle.
In a __, the trigger for ordering is when the facility reaches the minimum level.
__ is the decision making process you follow when you buy products; you usually have many options.
Periodic comparison of objectives, with accomplishments, to determine how well the objectives were achieved.
__ are data on estimated incidence or prevalence rates of specific diseases, or health conditions, occurring within a defined population group.
This is the elapsed time from customer order to delivery. Standards should be defined against the customer’s stated requirements.
__ is important for informing supply chain decisions on product selection, financing, procurement, and delivery.
Presentation of information to decisionmakers or lower-level personnel, based on information received.
HCW can be hazardous waste (sharps, used gauze, gloves, scalpels, expired drugs, laboratory reagents, etc.).
Lists the items and quantity issued to a facility. It also includes a separate column for the quantities received in case any items are lots or damaged en route.
Managing fewer SKUs can enhance the agility, manageability, and efficiency of a supply chain.
It is one of the most powerful elements available to the organisation in its search for competitive advantage and yet it is often the least well managed.
This is the additional buffer, cushion, or reserve stock kept on hand to protect against stock outs caused by delayed deliveries, markedly increased demand, or other unexpected events.
The availability, support and commitment provided to the customer.
Purchaser contracts for goods through an intermediary that has or will purchase directly from a manufacturer.
The key steps in quantification are preparation, forecasting, and supply planning.
The amount we use is the same as __.
Logistics officers, data managers, monitoring and evaluation staff, clinical staff.
The inventory control system that you choose for your system will not dictate the volume of commodities that will be stored and distributed through your supply chain.
The documentation and initiation of a process for soliciting bids; the specifications for the product/service desired and opening the contract to the bidding process.
It is a reflection not just of delivery performance but also of stock availability and order processing performance.
A key element of the logistics cycle, is directly linked to serving customers by defining what products are procured and used in the health system and the range of products that a customer can receive.
Some health facilities are difficult to access during the rainy season because of the poor road networks that support them. As a result, rainy season deliveries may be in greater quantities and occur less frequently.
After a supply plan has been developed as part of the quantification process, quantities of products must be procured.
Because stock assessment is measured in terms of __ (a convenient measure because data are often collected monthly at the service delivery point [SDP] level), the AMC more accurately describes the rate of consumption.
If the stock level is at the min, or has fallen below the min, order enough stock to bring the level up to the max.
After an item has been procured and received by the health system or program, it must be transported to the service delivery level where the client will receive the products.
Qualitative data involves the collection of objective.
A logistics system can only work if well-trained, efficient staff monitor stock levels, place orders, and provide products to clients.
Routine collection and analysis of measurements or indicators to determine the ongoing progress toward objectives.
__ are data on population characteristics, growth, and trends.
To calculate the order or issue quantity, storekeepers must be able to convert established stock levels (max and min stock levels) into the __ of product needed.
Allocation and management of finances directly affect all parts of the logistics cycle, including the quantities of products that can be procured, the amount of storage space that may be available, the number of vehicles that can be maintained, and the number of staff working in logistics.
Keep information about products being consumed or used (collect consumption data).
A statement, usually general and abstract, of a desired state toward which a program is directed (usually not measurable).
Supervising the staff who work within the logistics system keeps it running smoothly and helps to anticipate needed changes.
Knowledge acquired in any manner; facts and data that have been turned into useful material.
The Logistics System Assessment Tool (LSAT) is one example of a qualitative data collection tool.
The order is filled on the spot, so the facility does not have to hold quantities of stock while waiting for the next delivery.
This includes benchmarks, or points of reference, that can be used later to compare results.
Determining payment methods is not an important part of the contracting process.
The difference between a regular forced-ordering system and a delivery truck system is the way the deliveries are made.
Everyone who works in logistics must remember that they select, procure, store, or distribute products to meet customer needs.
For products that are particularly bulky, for example insecticide-treated bed nets, a standard system may not be the most appropriate. These products need higher min and max stock levels, which require more storage space.
This process includes moving products from the unloading dock, or receiving area, after they are released for storage; and assigning them to their designated storage area (rack, shelf, floor, etc.).
In any health logistics system, health programs must select products.
Receipt voucher are used to record information about the movement of stock from one storage facility to another.
Set of interventions (e.g., training, supervision, reporting) in which inputs are used to achieve objectives and desired results.
It is one of the most important determinations for a system designer to calculate; it is the time between when stock is ordered or issued and when it is delivered and available for use.
It is used to compare actual stock on hand for each commodity with the amount recorded on the stock card.
In a __, the trigger for ordering is the end of the review period for the commodities that
The last step in the procurement process is to ensure __ and receipt of the goods at the required destination.
Quantitative data can often provide a more in-depth view of certain measurements.
More and more customers seek just-in-time deliveries of small quantities.
Used to record the quantities of a product, usually related to the laboratory, that facility personnel use on a particular date; for example, the number of HIV tests used in the HIV counseling and testing department on a particular day, or the number of vacutainers used in the lab on particular day.
A supply chain assessment or evaluation can verify whether program interventions have been completed (or are in progress) and whether they are resulting in progress toward the program’s objectives.
You cannot use consumption data to determine the AMC.
Keep information about products being moved through the system.
It is important that you ensure the availability of a well-trained operator for each vehicle, as well as a designated transport manager at every facility that provides transportation services.
Procurement officers, pharmacy or laboratory division of the MOH.
This is the routine interval of time between assessments of stock levels to determine if additional stock is needed.
__ (STGs) are suggested treatment protocols for the most optimal treatment of a specific clinical problem, in a given setting, based on consensus by experts.
It is more difficult to detect and is usually not obvious during a visual inspection.
The emergency order point (EOP) must be lower than the min.
__, the second step in the quantification process, uses the data collected during the preparation step to estimate the quantity of each product that will be dispensed or used during each year of the quantification.
In procurement, you cannot focus finances on buying larger quantities of a fewer number of products, potentially resulting in better pricing.
It is the process of counting, by hand, the total number of units of each commodity in your store or health facility, at any given time.
This is the level of stock used between the time new stock is ordered and when it is received and available for use.
To ensure that transportation practices are aligned with policy, include the scheduled delivery planning, vehicle allocation, control over fuel consumption, and monitoring of
Document your assumptions and verify that they are reasonable to increase the system’s likelihood of success.
One variation of continuous review max-min systems is the two bin system.
The purpose of assessing stock status is to determine how long supplies will last.
It is a stockkeeping record that contains the same information as the inventory control card. Unlike inventory control cards, it is bound like a book; it is used instead of the individual card format.
To fill shipping requests (or picking lists), products must be located, pulled from inventory, and prepared for shipment.
Holds information about products in storage.
It is the process of estimating the total quantities and costs of the products required for a specific health program, for a future period of time.
If the number of products you store is large, you may not be able to assess the stock status for each product every month.
It is caused by physical stresses, such as crushing or tearing when the products are loaded, off-loaded, or when cartons or inner boxes are stacked.
It is used to record the quantity of each product dispensed to users.
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